Chapter 7 - Membrane Structure and Function Flashcards
Selective Permeability
A property of biological membranes that allows them to regulate the passage of substances across them.
Amphipathic Molecule
- A molecule with a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region
- Example is phospholipids
- Most abundant lipid in the plasma membrane
Fluid Mosaic Model
- The currently accepted model of cell membrane structure, which envisions the membrane as a mosaic of protein molecules drifting laterally in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids.
- In 1972, S. J. Singer and G. Nicolson proposed that the membrane is a mosaic of proteins dispersed within the bilayer, with only the hydrophilic regions exposed to water
- Freeze-fracture studies of the plasma membrane supported the fluid mosaic model
Freeze-Fracture
- A specialized preparation technique that splits a membrane along the middle of the phospholipid bilayer
- Freeze-fracture studies of the plasma membrane supported the fluid mosaic model
How do phospholipids in the plasma membrane move within the bilayer?
- Most of the lipids, and some proteins, drift laterally
- Rarely does a molecule flip-flop transversely across the membrane
Do membrane proteins move?
- Yes
Membrane Fluidity
- As temperatures cool, membranes switch from a fluid state to a solid state
- The temperature at which a membrane solidifies depends on the types of lipids
- Membranes rich in unsaturated fatty acids are more fluid than those rich in saturated fatty acids
- The steroid cholesterol has different effects on membrane fluidity at different temperatures
- At warm temperatures (such as 37ºC) it restrains movement of phospholipids
- At cool temperatures, it maintains flyidity by preventing tight packing
- Membranes must be fluid to work properly
- They are usually about as fluid as salad oil
- Variations in lipid composition of cell membranes of many species appear to be adaptations to specific environmental conditions
- Ability to change the lipid compositions in response to temperature changes has evolved in organisms that live where temperatures vary
Membrane Proteins
- A membrane is a collage of different proteins, often grouped together, embedded in the fluid matrix of the lipid bilayer.
- Proteins determine most of the membrane’s specific functions
- Types of membrane proteins
- Peripheral proteins
- Integral proteins
Peripheral Protein
A protein loosely bound to the surface of a membrane or to part of an integral protein and not embedded in the lipid bilayer
Integral Protein
- A transmembrane protein with hydrophobic regions that extend into and often completely span the hydrophobic interior of the membrane and with hydrophilic regions in contact with the aqueous solution on one or both sides of the membrane (or lining the channel in the case of a channel protein)
- The hydrophobic regions consist of one or more stretches of nonpolar amino acids, often coiled into alpha helices
The six major functions of membrane proteins:
The Role of Membrane Carbohydrates in Cell-Cell Recognition
- Cells recognize eachother by binding to surface molecules, often containing carbohydrates, on the extracellular surface of th eplasma membrane
- Membrane carbohydrates may be covalently bonded to lipids (forming glycolipids) or more commonly proteins (forming glycoproteins)
- Carbohydrates on the external side of the plasma membrane vary among species, individuals, and even cell types in an individual
Glycolipid
A lipid with one or more covalently attached carbohydrates
Glycoprotein
A protein with one or more covalently attached carbohydrates
Why do membranes have distinct inside and outside faces?
- The asymmetrical distribution of proteins, lipids, and associated carbohydrates in the plasma membrane is determined when the membrane is built by the ER and Golgi apparatus
The Permeability of the Lipid Bilayer
- Hydrophobic (nonpolar) molecules, such as hydrocarbons, can dissolve in the lipid bilayer and pass through the membrane rapidly
- Polar molecules, such as sugars, do not cross the membrane easily
Transport Protein
- A transmembrane protein that helps a certain substance or class of closely related substances to cross the membrane
- A transport protein is specific for the substance it moves
- Allow passage of hydrophilic substances across the membrane
- Types of transport proteins
- channel proteins
- Carrier proteins
Channel Proteins
- A type of transport protein
- Have a hydrophilic channel that certain molecules or ions can use as a tunnel to get through the membrane
- aquaporins
- Ion channels (gated channels)