Chapter 1 - Themes in the Study of Life Flashcards
The levels in the Biological Hierarchy
The Biosphere → Ecosystems → Communities → Populations → Organisms → Organ systems → Organs → Tissues → Cells → Organelles → Molecules → Atoms
Emergent properties
New properties that arise with each step upward in the hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases. Result from the arrangement and interaction of parts within a system.
Reductionism
The reduction of complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study.
Systems biology
An approach to studying biology that aims to model the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems on a study of the interactions among the system’s parts.
Eukaryotic cell
A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with eukaryotic cells (protists, plants, fungi, and animals) are called eukaryotes.
Prokaryotic cell
A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nubleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with prokaryotic cells (bacteria and archaea) are called prokaryotes.
Gene expression
The process of converting information from gene to cellular product.
Genome
An organism’s entire set of genetic instructions.
Genomics
The study of sets of genes within and between species.
Bioinformatics
The use of computers, software, and mathematical models to process and integrate biological information from large data sets.
Feedback mechanisms
Allow biological processes to self-regulate.
Negative feedback
Feedback mechanism where as more of a product accumulates, the process that creates it slows and less of the product is produced.
Positive feedback
Feedback mechanism where as more of a product accumulates, the process that creates it speeds up and more of the product is produced.
Taxonomy
The branch of biology that names and classifies species into groups of increasing breadth. Domain → Kingdom → Phylum → Class → Order → Family → Genus → Species
Domain Bacteria and domain Archaea compose…
prokaryotes