Chapter 7: LTM: Encoding, Retrieval, Consolidation Flashcards

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1
Q

What is encoding?

A

Acquiring information and transforming it into memory

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2
Q

What is storage?

A

Maintaining information over time

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3
Q

What is retrieval?

A

Transferring information from LTM to working memory the means of using stored information

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4
Q

What is maintenance rehearsal?

A

Repetition of stimulus that maintains information but does not transfer it to long-term memory

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5
Q

What is elaborative rehearsal?

A

Using meanings and connections to help transfer information to long-term memory

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6
Q

What does memory depend on?

A

How information is encoded.

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7
Q

What are the two processing depths?

A

Shallow processing
Deep processing

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8
Q

What is shallow processing?

A

*Little attention to meaning
*Focus on physical features
*Poor memory

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9
Q

What is deep processing?

A

*Close attention to meaning
*Better memory

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10
Q

What other factors aid encoding?

A

Visual imagery, self-reference effect, generation effect, organizing to-be-remembered information, relating words to survival value, and retrieval practice

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11
Q

What is cued recall with visual imagery?

A

It turns a repeated word/phrase into a memorable picture. It can be extremely powerful.

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12
Q

What are our failures to remember?

A

Mostly, it’s our failure to retrieve a memory.

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13
Q

What is cued recall?

A

A cue presented to aid recall. Increased performance over free recall. Most effective when created by the person who uses them.

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14
Q

Where did the best recall occur?

A

Best recall occurred when encoding and retrieval occurred in the same location

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15
Q

What can affect study?

A

Place, noise, and mood

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16
Q

What is State-Dependent Learning?

A

Learning is associated with a particular internal state; better memory is person’s mood at encoding matches the mood during retrieval.

17
Q

What is transfer-appropriate processing?

A

Memory task results improve if the type of processing used during encoding in the same as the type during retrieval

18
Q

What does consolidation do?

A

Transforms new memories from a fragile state to a more permanent state. Consists of synaptic and systems consolidation, which occur together and not in stages

19
Q

What is synaptic consolidation?

A

Rapid (minutes or hours); occurs at the synapses

20
Q

What is systems consolidation?

A

Gradual (months or years); reorganization of neuron circuits in the brain

21
Q

What is long-term potentiation?

A

Enhanced firing of neurons after repeated stimulation (neurons that fire together, wire together); structural changes and enhanced responding

22
Q

What connections between the cortex, hippocampus, and cortical areas are initially strong and weak in the standard model of consolidation?

A

Connections between the cortex and hippocampus are initially strong and connections between cortical areas are weak.

23
Q

What is activity between the hippocampus and cortex called?

A

Reactivation

24
Q

During consolidation, what happens to the connections between the cortex, hippocampus, and cortical areas?

A

Connections between the hippocampus and cortex weaken and connections between cortical areas become stronger until eventually, only intercortical connections remain

25
Q

What is the difference between retrograde and anterograde amnesia?

A

Retrograde amnesia is the degradation of long-term memory from previously established memories. Anterograde amnesia is the inability to form new long-term memories.

26
Q

Graded amnesia

A

Memory for recent events is more fragile than for remote events

27
Q

When is the hippocampus activated during the trace model of consolidation?

A

During retrieval of both recent and remote memories.

28
Q

What is the multiple trace mode process?

A

Like the standard model, connections between the hippocampus and cortex are initially strong, and intercortical connections are weak. But as time passes, intercortical connections strengthen and the hippocampus-cortical connection remains

29
Q

When is memory consolidation enhanced?

A

During sleep, perhaps because sleep stops environmental interference from stimuli.

30
Q

What parts of sleep are important for memory?

A

*REM is important for memory that includes motor skills
*Slow waves (stages 3&4) sleep is important for verbal learning

31
Q

What is reconsolidation?

A

Memories that are taken out to be examined and then consolidated again; retrieved memories become fragile and open to errors

32
Q

What happened in the Brunet and coworkers (2008) Reconsolidation and PTSD experiment?

A

Participants reactivated a traumatic memory and took the drug propranolol, which blocks amygdala stress receptors during reconsolidation of the memory, and found that later reactivation of the same memory showed lower stress responses.

33
Q

What are some effective studying strategies?

A

*Elaborate—associate what you are learning with what you know
*Generate questions and self-test
*Take breaks/multiple study sessions are much better than one large block
*Consolidation is enhanced by sleep
*Avoid the “Illusion of learning”; familiarity does not mean comprehension