Chapter 6: Long-Term Memory: Structure

Question 1

What are the three types of long term memory?

Answer 1

Episodic
Semantic
Procedural

Question 2

What is Episodic memory?

Answer 2

Memory for specific experiences, like talking with a good friend

Question 3

What is Semantic memory?

Answer 3

Memory for facts, like course work and state capitals.

Question 4

What is Procedural memory?

Answer 4

Memory for how to carry out specific tasks like tying shoes, riding bikes, and most anything athletic.

Question 5

What is long-term memory?

Answer 5

“Archive” of information about past events and knowledge learned stretching from roughly twenty seconds ago to as far back as one can remember. Works closely with working memory.

Question 6

What is the serial position?

Answer 6

The distinction between short and long-term memory using the serial position curve.

Question 7

What is the primacy effect?

Answer 7

Better recall of the first items of a list than the middle ones.

Question 8

What is the recency effect?

Answer 8

Better recall of the last items of a list than the middle ones.

Question 9

Is memory better for stimuli presented at the start or end of a list?

Answer 9

Start; Memory is better for stimuli presented at the beginning

Question 10

How does articulatory suppression affect primacy and recency effect?

Answer 10

It eliminates the person’s ability to rehearse the words in their head and blocks them from adding the words to their short-term memory, for as long as they are doing it. This drastically reduces how much will be retained at any part of the list.

Question 11

What is proactive interference?

Answer 11

Attempting to remember information that overlays itself against previous information for being too close.

Question 12

How do you avoid proactive interference?

Answer 12

Learn a new subject against previous information that is very different and is thus easier to remember.

Question 13

What is recognition memory?

Answer 13

Identification of a previously encountered stimulus

Question 14

What is recall memory?

Answer 14

Information you must recall (e.g. fill in the blank questions)

Question 15

What does anterograde amnesia do?

Answer 15

Unable to form new Long Term Memory but can retain Short Term Memory

Question 16

What did Ranganath an D’Esposito show about the hippocampus?

Answer 16

The hippocampus is involved in maintaining novel information in memory during short delays

Question 17

Are Short-Term and Long-Term Memory separate?

Answer 17

There is substantial evidence for their separation, but they are not as separate as once assumed.

Question 18

What is associated with episodic memory?

Answer 18

Personal experience, reliving an experience, “self-knowing”

Question 19

What is associated with semantic memory?

Answer 19

General knowledge, facts, like an encyclopedia, “knowing”

Question 20

What was one of Tulving’s great contributions to semantic and episodic memory?

Answer 20

He distinguished these two memory types by “self-knowing” and “knowing”

Question 21

What is semantic dementia?

Answer 21

It’s caused by damage to the temporal lobe where the person has difficulty recalling semantic memories. Sometimes, these can be very specific, like remembering four-legged mammals but not remembering a screwdriver is a tool.

Question 22

Will acquiring knowledge always be episodic?

Answer 22

No. It may start out as episodic, but eventually “fade” into semantic. For example, putting one’s keys on their bedside table every day.

Question 23

What is autobiographical memory?

Answer 23

Specific experiences that include semantic and episodic.
*EX: Writing what one did over the summer; how specific one can get about recollection

Question 24

What is personal semantic memory?

Answer 24

Semantic memories that have personal significance

Question 25

In forgetting, what is familiarity and recollection?

Answer 25

Familiarity: Semantic memory
Recollection: Episodic memory

Question 26

What is the Remember/Know procedure?

Answer 26

Semanticization of remote memories; loss of episodic details for memories of long-ago events

Question 27

What is the constructive episodic simulation hypothesis?

Answer 27

Episodic memories are extracted and recombined to create simulations of future events. Helps us anticipate future needs and guide future behaviors

Question 28

What is implicit memory?

Answer 28

Occurs when learning from experience isn’t by conscious remembering. Contains procedural memories, priming, and conditioning.

Question 29

What is skilled memory?

Answer 29

It’s procedural and memory for action.

Question 30

What is procedural?

Answer 30

Perform procedures without being consciously aware of how to do them; does not require a memory of when or where it was learned so people who cannot form new long-term memories can still new learn skills.

Question 31

What is Priming?

Answer 31

Presenting a stimulus changes a person’s reaction to a test stimulus and makes them react faster to something that is similar to a stimulus before it.

Question 32

What is Repetition priming?

Answer 32

Test stimulus the same or similar to the prime stimulus
Called implicit memory; a person may or may not remember the original presentation of priming stimulus.

Question 33

What is the propaganda effect?

Answer 33

One is more likely to rate something they have seen or heard before as being true. Involved implicit memory can occur when people are not aware or previously seeing or hearing the statement

Question 34

How is classical conditioning and implicit memory related?

Answer 34

Pairing a neutral stimulus with a reflexive response; involves implicit memory when person has forgotten about the original pairing of the stimulus and the response