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Biochemistry > Chapter 7: Lipids & Membranes > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Lipids & Membranes Flashcards

1
Q

where are lipids soluble

A
  • in organic solvents
  • sparingly in water

organis solvents: cholorform & methanol

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2
Q

list some lipid examples

A
  • fats
  • oils
  • vitamins
  • hormones
  • non-protein membrane components
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3
Q

what are carboxylic acids w/ long chain hydrocarbon side groups?

A

fatty acids

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4
Q

fatty acids are rarely

A

free in nature

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5
Q

fatty acids occur as ________ ________ of various lipids

A

esterified components

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6
Q

about half of the fatty acid residues of plant animal lipids are

A

unsaturated

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7
Q

unsaturated lipids contain

A

double bonds

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8
Q

the most common fatty acids are of the

A

C16 & C18 species

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9
Q

saturated chains of fatty acids are packed ____ and form more…

A

tightly
rigid organized aggregates

aggreagte ex: membranes

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10
Q

unsaturated chains of fatty acids ________ and are packed in a ______ ______ way with greater potential for ________.

A

bend
less
ordered
motion

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11
Q

in unsaturated fatty acids the 1st double bond occurs between

A

C9 and C10

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12
Q

what rarely occurs in fatty acids

A

triple bonds

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13
Q

in unsaturated fatty acids the 2nd double bond occurs between

A

C12 and C13

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14
Q

fats and oils in plants and animals consist of mixtures of

A

triacylglycerols

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15
Q

Triacylglycerols are ______, water _______ substances

A

nonpolar
insoluble

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16
Q

triacylglycerols consist of fatty acid triesters of

A

glycerol

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17
Q

characteristics of triaclyglycerols

A
  • energy reservoirs
  • most abundant lipid
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18
Q

triacylglycerol are NOT components of

A

membranes

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19
Q

simple triacylglycerols contain

A

only 1 type of fatty acid

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20
Q

what type of triacylglycerol is most common in nature

A

mixed

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21
Q

what are major lipid components of biological membranes

A

glycerophospholipids
sphingolipids

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22
Q

glycerophospholipids are ________ molecules. Why?

A

amphiphilic

b/c of nonpolar aliphatic tails & polar phosphoryl head groups

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23
Q

on a glycerophospholipid saturated C16 and C18 fatty acids typically occur at the

A

C1 position

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24
Q

on a glycerophospholipid unsaturated fatty acids typically occur at the

A

C2 position

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25
Q

name this phospholipid head group

-H

A

phosphatidic acid

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26
Q

name this phospholipid head group

-CH2CH2NH3+

A

phosphatidylethanolamine

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27
Q

name this phospholipid head group

-CH2CH2N(CH3)3+

A

phosphatidylcholine

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28
Q

A C12 saturated fatty acid is named

A

lauric acid

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29
Q

A C14 saturated fatty acid is named

A

myristic acid

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30
Q

A C16 saturated fatty acid is named

A

palmitic acid

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31
Q

A C18 saturated fatty acid is named

A

stearic acid

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32
Q

A C16 fatty acid w/ 1 point of unsaturation is called

A

palmitoleic acid

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33
Q

A C18 fatty acid w/ 1 point of unsaturation is called

A

oleic acid

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34
Q

A C18 fatty acid w/ 2 points of unsaturation is called

A

linoleic acid

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35
Q

ether glycerophospholipids contain an _____ linkage at the _____ carbon of glycerol

A

ester
C1

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36
Q

give 2 examples of ether glycerophospholipids

A
  1. plasmalogens
  2. PAF

PAF: platelet activating factor

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37
Q

plasmalogens are ether glycerophospholipids in which the

A

alkyl chain is unsaturated

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38
Q

PAF is a ether glycerophospholipid in which the

A

alkyl chain is saturated

39
Q

choline plasmalogens are found in

A

various tissues like heart muscle

40
Q

PAF is a potent

A

biochemical signal molecule

41
Q

PAF has a short ______ moiety at the ____ position that allows for….

A

acetate
C2
increased solubility

42
Q

sphingolipids are derivatives of

A

sphingosine (C18 amino alcohols)

43
Q

how is a ceramide formed

A

fatty acids joined to sphingosine through amide linkage

44
Q

what is the most common sphingolipid

A

sphingomyelins

45
Q

sphingomyelins are ceramides with either a

A

phosphocholine or phosphoethanolamine

46
Q

sphingomyelins are found in

A

myelin sheaths

47
Q

what is the simplest sphingoglycolipid

A

cerebrosides

48
Q

cerebrosides are ceramides w/

A

1 or more sugars in β glycosidic linkage at the 1-OH group

49
Q

what type of cerebroside is prevalent in neuronal cell membranes of the brain

A

galactocerebrosides

50
Q

what type of cerebroside is prevalent in cell membranes of various other tissues

A

glucocerebrosides

51
Q

what is the most complex group of sphingoglycolipid

A

ganglioside

52
Q

gangliosides must include at least

A

1 sialic acid residue

53
Q

what hereditary disease is a result of the unavailability to break down sphingoglycolipid

A

Tay-Sachs disease

54
Q

which sphingoglycolipid is associated w/ tay-sachs disease?

A

Gm2

55
Q

steroids are derivatives of a molecule containing

A

4 fused saturated rings

56
Q

cholesterol is a

A

sterol lipid

57
Q

what is the most common steroid in animals and the precursor for all other steroids in animals

A

cholesterol

58
Q

examples of cholesterol precursors are

A

cortisol
testosterone
estradiol
progesterone

59
Q

glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids play important roles as

A

chemical signals

60
Q

the lifetimes of signals generated by glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids are usually

A

very short

61
Q

what cleaves fatty acids from a glycerophospholipid

A

phospholipases A1 & A2

62
Q

cleaving fatty acids from a glycerophospholipid produces

A

lysophospholipids

63
Q

what hydrolyzes on either side of the phosphate in the polar head

A

phospholipases C & D

64
Q

hydrolyzation by phospholipases C & D produces

A

various signaling molecules

65
Q

what is a phosphorylated sphingosine

A

sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P)

66
Q

what are formed from amphiphilic molecules

A

micelles

67
Q

In order to form micelles the ____ must be met

A

critical micelle concentration (CMC)

68
Q

what is the critical micelle concentration

A

the # of amphiphilic molecules needed to form micelles

69
Q

a higher CMC concentration indicates

A

smaller single hydrophobic tails

70
Q

a lower CMC concentration indicates

A

larger double hydrophobic tails

71
Q

liposomes are formed by

A

sonification of multilamellar vesicles to form unilamellar vesicles

72
Q

what are 2 examples of clinically approved liposomal-based drugs

A

Daunoxome
Doxil

73
Q

lipid bilayers are extremely impermeable to

A

polar and ionic substances

74
Q

what is transverse diffusion?

A

rare event of lipid transfer across the bilayer

75
Q

define transition temperature

A

temp. at which phospholipids undergo a phase change

76
Q

lipids are _______ above to transition temp.

A

mobile (fluid-like)

77
Q

lipids are ______ below the transition temp.

A

less mobile (gel-like)

78
Q

the transition temp. of a lipid bilayer increases with

A

chain length & degree of saturation

79
Q

longer tail = higher ….. = higher …..

A

hydrophobic interactions
transition temp

80
Q

integral proteins are bound to membranes via

A

hydrophobic forces

81
Q

peripheral proteins associate w/ the membrane by binding to

A

lipid head groups or integral proteins

82
Q

peripheral proteins bind to lipid head groups/ integral proteins through

A

electrostatic interactions or hydrogen bonding

83
Q

what are known as compounds that cannot be synthesized in sufficient quantities by an organism

A

vitamins

84
Q

list fat soluble vitamins

A

A, D, E, K

85
Q

vitamin A is also known as

A

retinol

86
Q

vitamin A is generated by

A

enzymatic action in the liver from β carotene

abundant in carrots

87
Q

vitamin A serves as the site of the primary photochemical reaction in

A

vision

88
Q

vitamin D is abundant in

A

milk

89
Q

how is vitamin D formed?

A

from cholesterol by the action of UV radiation

90
Q

deficiency in vitamin D can lead to

A

rickets

91
Q

what is the most active form of vitamin E

A

α-tocopherol

92
Q

vitamin E is an

A

antioxidant

93
Q

Vitamin K is an

A

important factor in the blood clotting process

Biochemistry (3 decks)

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