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Biochemistry > Chapter 6: Sugars and Polysaccharides > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Sugars and Polysaccharides Flashcards

1
Q

What are the basic units of carbohydrates

A

monosaccharides

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2
Q

How are monosaccharides synthesized

A

through gluconeogenesis

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3
Q

linking several monosaccharides results in

A

oligosaccharides

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4
Q

covalently linked monosaccharides result in

A

polysaccharides

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5
Q

monosaccharides contain at least ___ carbon atoms

A

3

they’re sp3 hybridized

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6
Q

If the carbonyl group on a monosaccharide is an aldehyde then it’s called

A

aldose

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7
Q

If the carbonyl group on a monosaccharide is a ketone then it’s called

A

ketose

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8
Q

define epimers

A

sugars that differ by only 1 carbon atom

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9
Q

What is the configuration of the farthest carbon if it has a D prefix?

A

the -OH group is on the right side

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10
Q

What is the configuration of the farthest carbon is it has an L prefix?

A

the -OH group is on the left side

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11
Q

What results from a reaction of an alcohol w/ an aldehyde

A

Hemiacetals

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12
Q

What results from a reaction of an alcohol w/ a ketone

A

Hemiketals

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13
Q

simple sugars can cyclize forming…

A

furanose
pyranose

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14
Q

In sugar ___ and ___ membered rings are most common due to greater stability

A

5 and 6

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15
Q

Are furanose and pyranose rings planar?

A

NO

they’re sp3 hybridized

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16
Q

In a pyranose ring OH in the ________ position are more reactive

A

equatorial

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17
Q

sugar acids are generated from

A

redox reactions

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18
Q

name the 3 types of sugar acids

A
  1. gluconic
  2. glucuronic
  3. glucaric
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19
Q

Gluconic acid forms from…

A

oxidation @ C1 position

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20
Q

Glucuronic acid form from…

A

oxidation @ C6 position

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21
Q

Glucaric acid forms from…

A

oxidation @ C1 & C6 positions

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22
Q

amino sugars contain

A

an amino group @ the C2 position

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23
Q

what are known as the simplest oligosaccharides

A

disaccharides

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24
Q

disaccharides are linked by a

A

glycosidic sugar bond

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25
Q

Any residue that has a free unsubstituted anomeric carbon is a

A

reducing sugar

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26
Q

a nonreducing end is identified by

A

the anomeric carbon

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27
Q

define anomeric carbon

A

the C1 carbon in a ring structure

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28
Q

Oligosaccharides occur widely as components of

A

antibiotics

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29
Q

give an example of an oligosaccharide

A

streptomyosin

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30
Q

what are longer chains of oligosaccharides

A

polysaccharides

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31
Q

polysaccharides are held together by

A

glycosidic bonds

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32
Q

glycosidic bonds are hydrolyzed by

A

glycosidases

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33
Q

define a homopolysaccharide

A

a polysaccharide that is composed of only 1 type of monosaccharide

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34
Q

define a heteropolysaccharide

A

a polysaccharide that is composed of many types of monosaccharides

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35
Q

polysaccharides function as….molecules

A

-storage
-structural
-recognition

36
Q

give 2 examples of storage molecules

A
  • starch
  • glycogen
37
Q

give two examples of structural molecules

A
  • chitin
  • cellulose
38
Q

give an example of recognition molecules

A
  • cell surface polysaccharides
39
Q

what is a plant storage polysaccharide

A

starch

40
Q

what are the 2 forms of starch

A

amylose
amylopectin

41
Q

characteristics of amylose

A
  • alpha 1,4 links
  • 1 reducing end
42
Q

branches in amylopectin are…

A

alpha 1,6

43
Q

phosphorylase reaction releases

A

glucose-1-Phosphate

44
Q

what is known as the “animal starch” and the storage device for energy in animals

A

glycogen

45
Q

Does glycogen or amylopectin have more branching?

A

glycogen

46
Q

changes the glucose linkages from 1,4 to 1,6 results in the formation of…

A

dextrans

47
Q

do dextrans have branching? if so, where?

A

Yes
1,2
1,3
1,4

48
Q

Cross-linked dextrans are used as

A

Sephadex 60

gel in column chromatography

49
Q

what is the principle structural component of invertebrates

A

chitin

50
Q

the C2 in chitin is

A

N-acetylated

NHC=OCH3

51
Q

what is the primary structural component of rigid plant cell walls

A

cellulose

52
Q

Cellulose and Chitin both contain what type of linkages

A

β 1,4

53
Q

what is the most abundant natural polymer in the world?

A

cellulose

54
Q

where is cellulose found?

A
  • wood/bark
  • plant’s cell wall
55
Q

what is almost pure cellulose

A

cotton

56
Q

both cellulose and chitin adopt a

A

fully extended “ribbon” conformation

57
Q

amylose has what type of linkages

A

bent α

58
Q

cellulose has what type of linkages

A

extended β

59
Q

cellulose fibers have exceptional strength due to its

A

highly cohesive hydrogen bonded structure

60
Q

Both cellulose and chitin form

A

hydrogen bonds

61
Q

define ruminants

giraffes, cattle, deer, camels, buffalo

A

animals that can metabolize cellulose

62
Q

How can ruminants metabolize cellulose?

A

b/c they have a bacterial cellulase in their rumen

rumen: large component in their stomach

63
Q

cellulase is considered a

A

β (1,4) glucosidase

64
Q

name 2 other structural polysaccharides

A

agarose
glycosaminoglycans

65
Q

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are linear chains of

A

alternating uronic acid and hexosamine residues

66
Q

GAGs are known as what? why?

A
  • ground substance
  • b/c collagen & elastin are found embedded in this gel like substance
67
Q

GAGs have a mucus-like consistency that results in

A

high viscosity and elasticity

68
Q

Heparin is a natural

A

anticoagulant

69
Q

Hyaluronates are components of

A
  • vitreous humor of the eye & synovial fluid
  • lubricant fluid of body’s joints
70
Q

Chondroitin’s and keratin sulfate are found in

A

tendons & other connective tissues

71
Q

dermatan sulfate is a component of the

A

ECM of the skin

72
Q

GAGs are constituents of

A

proteoglycans

73
Q

Glycoproteins are proteins that contain ______ chains ________ attached to their polypeptide side chains

A

oligosaccharide
covalently

74
Q

most eukaryotic proteins exist as

A

glycoproteins

75
Q

glycoproteins serve as

A

membrane receptors
immunoglobins
structural proteins

76
Q

N-linked oligosaccharides contain an ____________ that is _________ to the amide nitrogen of an ________ residue

A

N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)
β -linked
asparagine (Asn)

77
Q

O-linked oligosaccharides contain an _____________ that is _________ to the hydroxyl group of either ______ or _____ residues.

A

N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)
α-linked
serine
threonine

78
Q

what is a diverse group of macromolecules that is found in the ECM between cells

A

proteoglycan

79
Q

Can proteoglycans be cell membrane receptors? If so, give an examples.

A

Yes
syndecan

80
Q

Proteoglycans consist of a core protein to which at least one…

A

glycosaminoglycan chain is covalently linked

81
Q

What are the most common glycosaminoglycans found linked to the core protein of proteoglycans?

A

keratan sulfate
chondroitin sulfate

82
Q

Describe syndecan

A

single transmembrane domain proteins

83
Q

Syndecan are coreceptors that contain

A

heparan sulfate
chondroitin sulfate chains

84
Q

Syndecan can bind to a variety of ______ including ____ and ____

A

ligands
VEGF
FGF

85
Q

penicillin binds to and inactivates..

A

enzymes that cross-link peptidoglycan strands of bacterial cell walls

86
Q

most bacteria that are resistant to penicillin secrete

A

penicillinase

87
Q

how does penicillinase function?

A

by cleaving amide bond of β-lactam ring in penicillin

Biochemistry (3 decks)

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