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Bio 160 LE 2 > Chapter 7 - Life History > Flashcards

Chapter 7 - Life History Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What happens to clownfish when the female dies? Why?

A

The largest male becomes the female as all clownfish are born male.

This is because they follow a strict size hierarchy.

Only the largest and 2nd largest (female and male) breed

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2
Q

Why is it that larger organisms are preferred for reproduction?

A

Larger organisms produce more offspring than smaller ones

ex. In clownfish egg number is proportional to body size

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3
Q

Explain the life history/cycle of clownfish (3 main steps)

A
  1. Breeding male breeds with female
  2. Hatchling Fish leaves anemone and live in open ocean
  3. Young eventually return to reef and develop to juveniles
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4
Q

This is the changing of sex throughout the life cycle and is hypothesized to be based on advantage of reproduction.

A

Sequential Hermaphroditism

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5
Q

How is size hierarchy in clownfish maintained?

A

If a fish grows too close in size to another in the same anemone they will fight causing the smaller fish to die or be expelled

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6
Q

Refers to the major events related to an organism’s growth, development, reproduction, and survival.

A

Life History

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7
Q

Traits that characterize the life history of an organism (3)

A
  1. Age and size at sexual maturity
  2. Amount and timing of reproduction
  3. Survival and mortality rates
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8
Q

An organism’s lifetime pattern of growth, differentiation, storage, and reproduction

Traits that affect an organism’s schedule of reproduction and survival

A

Life history

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9
Q

Life histories are influenced by (4)

A
  1. Physical conditions
  2. Food supply
  3. Predators
  4. Other environmental factors
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10
Q

Life Histories are constrained by (2)

A

a. General body plan of organism
b. Lifestyle of individual

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11
Q

The overall pattern in the timing and nature of life history events averaged across all the individuals in the species (population-level representation)

A

Life History Strategy

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12
Q

What are the three factors in energy division of an organism that shape its Life History Strategy

A

a. Growth
b. Reproduction
c. Survival

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13
Q

Is a product of environmental adaptation (natural selection)

Can vary per individual in a species as a result of either genetics or environmental conditions

A

Life History Traits

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14
Q

Life history variation within species results from this

A

Genetic Differences

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15
Q

Emerging life histories are based on what?

A

based on which variation is more favored to survive and reproduce

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16
Q

Present life histories are described as ______.
Why

A

They are optimal only to maximized fitness (selection towards them in their environment)

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17
Q

Other term for constraint that shows life-histories as imperfect.

A

Trade-offs

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18
Q

Give an example of trade-off

A

Beetle head size and eye size. Larger the horn, smaller the eyes

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19
Q

Phenomenon where a single genotype produces different phenotypes

A

Phenotypic Plasticity

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20
Q

Give an example of Phenotypic plasticity

A

Ponderosa pine
- allocates more biomass to leaf growth relative to sapwood in cool and moist climate
● In warmer desert, it allocates more to sapwood (for water transport)

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21
Q

Describes the relative amounts of energy or resources that an organism devotes to different functions

A

Allocation

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22
Q

Results of Phenotypic Plasticity (2)

A
  1. Variation in continuous range
  2. Morphs
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23
Q

T/F Phenotypic plasticity is always an adaptive response

A

False, it can also be a PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE

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24
Q

First organisms on Earth reproduce asexually by?

This results in clones

A

Binary fission

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25
Q

Production of equal sized gametes

A

Isogamy

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26
Q

Production of two types of gametes with different sizes

A

Anisogamy

27
Q

Disadvantages of sexual reproduction (3)

A
  1. Meiosis only produces a haploid gamete
    (Organism can only transmit half of its genome)
  2. recombination and the independent distribution can
    disrupt favorable gene combinations
    (Could reduce offspring fitness.)
  3. Lower growth rate than asexual organisms
28
Q

Advantages of sexual reproduction (2)

A
  1. Recombination
    (Promotes genetic variation and evolution)
  2. Beneficial in a challenging environment
    (genetic variation is needed for environmental adaptation)
29
Q

A life cycle in which there are at least two distinct stages that differ in their habitat, physiology, or morphology

A

Complex Life Cycle

30
Q

Abrupt transition in form from larval to the juvenile stage

A

Metamorphosis

31
Q

Complex Life Cycle and Metamorphosis are due to?

A

Different selection pressures for adult and offspring

32
Q

Type of life cycle with two different stages/generations: multicellular gametophyte and multicellular sporophyte

A

Alternation of generations

33
Q

Simple life cycle where fertilized egg to juvenile transition occurs within the egg prior to hatching (no free-living larval stage)

A

Direct Development

34
Q

Semelparous vs Iteroparous

A

Flowers/fruits once vs flowers several times

35
Q

Reproduce only once in a lifetime due to high energy investment, usually in annual plants

A

Semelparous

36
Q

Can reproduce multiple times due to low energy investment,

A

Iteroparous

37
Q

Refers to selection for high population growth rates.

Occurs where population density is low.

Characteristics: “live fast, die young”

A

r-Selection

“r” = intrinsic rate of population increase

38
Q

Refers to selection for slower rates of increase

Occurs in populations that are at or approaching K or
carrying capacity

Low population Growth rates

Characteristics: “slow and steady”

A

K-Selection

39
Q

“The success of a plant species in a given habitat is limited by two factors: stress and disturbance.” Developed by:

A

Phillip Grime

40
Q

Any external abiotic factor that limits vegetative growth

A

Stress

41
Q

Aby process that destroys plant biomass

A

Disturbance

42
Q

4 habitat types based on high or low stress and disturbance

A

High high
Low high
Low low
High low

*Note: If we assume no life on High high, there are only 3 habitat types

43
Q

Three main habitat types in Grime’s Triangular Method.

A
  1. competitive (low stress-low disturbance)
  2. ruderal (low stress-high disturbance)
  3. stress-tolerant (high stress-low disturbance)
44
Q

They are superior in ability to acquire light,
minerals, water, and space

Have selective advantage when low stress and low
disturbance

A

Competitive Plants

45
Q

Plants that adapted to high levels of disturbance and low stress

Often called “weedy” species

A

Ruderals

46
Q

Dominant where stress is high, disturbance is low usually with slow growth, evergreen foliage, slow resource use, low palatability, and rapid response to temporarily favorable conditions

A

Stress-tolerant plants

47
Q

Removed influence of size and time to allow comparison of life histories of very different organisms

A

Charnov’s Dimensionless Life History

48
Q

3 Factors Considered in Population Dynamics Classification of Life-History by Winemiller and Rose

A
  1. Juvenile survivorship (lx)
  2. Fecundity/Fertility (mx)
  3. Age of reproductive maturity (ɑ)
49
Q

types of life histories based on Juvenile Survivorship (lx), Fertility (mx), and age of Reproductive maturity(ɑ)

A
  1. Opportunistic
    - Low lx, Low mx, Early ɑ
  2. Equilibrium
    - High lx, low mx, Late ɑ
  3. Periodic
    - Low lx, high mx, late ɑ
50
Q

Summary of Life history and their specific use cases:

A

r-K -> relating life history characteristics to population
growth characteristics

Grime’s -> most appropriate for life history comparisons between groups of plants.

Charnov’s -> most helpful when comparing life histories across broad ranges of taxonomy or size.

51
Q

trade-offs occur when

A

organisms allocate their limited energy or other resources to one structure or function at the expense of another

52
Q

Investment in offspring includes:

A

○ Energy
○ Resources
○ Time
○ Loss of chance for other activities (e.g. foraging)

53
Q

Trade-off in offspring:

A

Investment per each individual offspring vs
number of offspring
- For large investment per individual, there
is only small number produced
- For small investment individuals, there are
many offspring produced

54
Q

True or False: Parental investment is proportional to offspring “quality”

A

True, Lower investment = higher offspring mortality

55
Q

The maximum number of offspring that a parent can successfully raise to maturity

Described by David Lack

A

Lack Clutch Size

56
Q

Number of eggs per reproductive bout

A

Clutch Size

57
Q

Why is clutch size (CS) limited by the max number of young that a parent can raise simultaneously

A

If less than CS, less passed on genes

If more than CS, more likely to die or starve

58
Q

Propagating mechanism via egg, spore, or seeds

A

Propagule

59
Q

Organisms that do not give parental care reproduce via

A

Propagules

60
Q

Ability to produce an abundance of offspring

Measured by # of offspring raised to maturity

A

Fecundity

61
Q

Refers to the number of times of reproduction

A

Parity

62
Q

Adult survival is high when

A

Age of reproduction is high

Reproduction effort is low

63
Q

Di ko na nasama yung concept 7.4

A

Bio 160 LE 2 (7 decks)

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