Chapter 7: Learning

Question 1

learning

Answer 1

change in behaviour due to experience (not drugs, disease etc.)

Question 2

innate skills

Answer 2

skills we are born with, not a results of learning - once started cannot be stopped

Question 3

antecedent

Answer 3

behaviour and consequence - anything in the physical environment that we can detect and tells us something about the consequences of our actions

Question 4

Differential consequences

Answer 4

reward for different actions are different

Question 5

non-differential consequences

Answer 5

reward for different actions is the same

Question 6

reflexes

Answer 6

response to a stimulus that is learned or innate but automatic and simple (only apply to a small portion of behaviour)

Question 7

pavlovian conditioning

Answer 7

when we associate two events - a signal and event that was signaled for (eg. red light means stop)

Question 8

operant conditioning

Answer 8

how we learn what happens when we do something

Question 9

social (vicarious) learning

Answer 9

learning something by watching others

Question 10

latent learning

Answer 10

learning something but not using it until a time comes (thinking we don’t know something but knowing it when the time comes)

Question 11

biological constraints

Answer 11

dictate what we will or won’t associate in each type of learning

Question 12

stimulus

Answer 12

something in environment that we can detect, measure and use to evoke a response

Question 13

unconditional stimulus

Answer 13

stimulus that leads to an automatic response

Question 14

unconditional response

Answer 14

innate reflex

Question 15

conditional stimulus

Answer 15

stimulus that can eventually trigger a conditioned response

Question 16

conditional response

Answer 16

a conditional reflex / learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

Question 17

neutral stimulus

Answer 17

stimulus that does not naturally elicit a response - this is what Pavlovian conditioning wants to change

Question 18

order of classical conditioning events

Answer 18

conditional stimulus, conditional response, unconditional stimulus, unconditional response

Question 19

pavlovian conditioning

Answer 19

associating neutral stimulus with unconditional response to make neutral stimulus conditional stimulus

Question 20

excitatory conditioning

Answer 20

a conditional stimulus indicates that an unconditional stimulus will occur

Question 21

short-delayed conditioning

Answer 21

unconditional stimulus occurs within a few seconds of the start of the conditional stimulus

You hear a thunderclap shortly after you see lightning

Question 22

long-delayed conditioning

Answer 22

unconditional stimulus occurs after the conditional stimulus has been there for a while

You hear tornado warning sirens or see the sky turn green or black minutes before you see the tornado

Question 23

trace conditioning

Answer 23

unconditional stimulus occurs minutes or hours after the conditional stimulus has stopped

You eat gas station sushi hours before you feel the effects of salmonella

Question 24

inhibitory conditioning

Answer 24

conditional response is suppressed

Question 25

simultaneous conditioning

Answer 25

the unconditional stimulus occurs with the start of the conditional stimulus (food and bell at the same time)

Question 26

backward conditioning

Answer 26

unconditional stimulus occurs a few seconds before the start of the conditional stimulus (food, then bell)

Question 27

extinction

Answer 27

signal occurs without whats signalled and overtime association of two events fades

Question 28

appetitive stimulus

Answer 28

positive reinforcement / a stimulus you actually and will work for / respond to

Question 29

attentional phase

Answer 29

phase during social learning where person is observing model doing something

Question 30

aversive stimulus

Answer 30

negative reinforcement/stimulus you dont like / intended to decrease the probability of behaviour when it is presented as a consequence

Question 31

avoidance conditioning

Answer 31

avoiding something bad you dont want to happen

Question 32

biological preparedness

Answer 32

some conditioning signals work better than others because of our evolutionary biology

Question 33

cognitive map

Answer 33

we create a mental image of areas in our physical surroundings

Question 34

consequences

Answer 34

a reinforcer or a punisher

Question 35

contingencies

Answer 35

if you do this (behaviour), then that will happen (consequence).

Question 36

discomfort (stamping out)

Question 37

law of effect refers to

Answer 37

how the consequences of behaviour influence our future actions

Question 38

law of effect states

Answer 38

(1) we are more likely to repeat behaviour that brings us satisfying consequences

(2) behaviours that result in bad things are less likely to be repeated

Question 39

elicits

Answer 39

responses to stimuli that are involuntary

Question 40

escape

Answer 40

something you dislike it happening you try to learn a way to stop it