Chapter 3: Biology & Neuroscience Flashcards by rosel x

nervous system

consists of nerons

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neuron

transmits electrical impulses throughout the body.

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composed of nucleus and soma etc.

neurons

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glial cells

assist neurons by bringing nutrients, providing structural support, speeding up impulses

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dendrites

extensions of soma that receive signals from neurons

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neurotransmitters

chemicals that bind to receptors to tell neurons to change structure/make protein

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soma

cell body (connects to axon hillock)

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axon hillock

start of axon

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axons

wires that carry electrical signals from soma to terminals

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presynaptic neuron

sends signal

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postsynaptic

receives signal

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axon terminal

releases neurotransmitters

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synaptic cleft

gap between neurons

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myelin sheath

surrounds axon and helps speed up electrical impulses (signals)

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nodes of ranvier

breaks in myelin sheath that allows ions like CL, K , Na to enter and create action potential

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propagation

process of electrical impulse being sent to the end of the neuron

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excitatory neurotransmitters

increase chance of neurons being activated (hyperpolarization)

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inhibitory neurotransmitters

decrease chance of neurons being activated (depolarization)

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agonist

drug from outside body that acts as neurotransmitter

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antagonist

drug from outside body the inhibits neurotransmitters

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compete for binding sites

agonist and antagonist drugs

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olidendeocytes

surround myelin sheaths of axons in brain and spinal cord (CNS)

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schwann cells

surround myelin sheaths of axons outside brain and spinal cord (PNS)

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astrocytes

delivers nutrients and maintains charge

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microglia

rids of waste

neural networks

connections between the dendrites and axons of multiple neurons

efferents

carries signal away from CNS

afferents

carries signal toward CNS

neuroplasticity

ability of new neural connections to be made

neocortex

conscious actions (outer brain portion)

medulla

automatic life functions (near spinal cord)

parasympathetic nervous system

system for relaxation, digestion, sexual arousal and recovery

peripheral nervous system

nerves outside skull and spine that send signals to CNS

spinal cord

controls reflex

gray matter

glial cells and neurons (info processors)

somatic nervous system

voluntary

autonomic nervous system

involuntary

sympathetic nervous system

system for excitement, heart rate increasing, flight or flight & consumes energy away from parasympathetic system

prosencephalon

forebrain (during natal development)

mesencephalon

midbrain (during natal development)

rhombencephalon

hindbrain (during natal development)

medulla and pons

regulate basic life functions (involuntary)

medulla oblongata

lowest part of the brain connected to spinal cord controlling breathing heartbeat, swallowing

pons

top of the brain stem controls coordination, facial expressions, eye movement

vestibulocochlear

left right coordination

reticular activating system

neurons between medulla and pons - controls attention focus

ADHD

dysfunction in RAS

basal ganglia and cerebellum

modify high level commands in prefrontal cortex

limbic system

responsible for behaviour and emotional response - consists of cortexes and midbrain

amygdala

releases adrenaline during fight or flight (intense emotions, anxiety)

hippocampus

responsible for memory

cingulate gyrus

focuses our attention on unpleasant emotions

hypothalamus

responsible for hunger responses, sexual behaviour, aggression (primitive urges)

dorsal striatum

involved in motor control, decision-making

ventral striatum

involved in reward processing

direct pathway

excitatory

indirect pathways

inhibitory

cerebellum

rhythm and timing

spinocerebellar

sensory and motor input

vestibulocerebellar

balance and posture (inner-ear)

cerebrocerebellar

timing and planning of movement

thalamus

packages experiences together, helps us choose what to pay attention to, involved with all senses except smell,

neocortex

new brain

frontal lobe

decision-making and voluntary movement

prefrontal cortex

decides when and how we do things

parietal lobe

processing math concepts

temportal lobe

memories, sound, amnesia, language processing (Wernicke's area)

occipital lobe

processes light stimuli

brain laterality

left and right brain: visual: right sees generally, left sees detail language is left, hearing is right

endocrine system

releases hormones into body (hypothalamus, pineal gland, pituitary gland)

pineal gland

sleep

pituitary gland

hormones for sex, reproduction, hunger aggression