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Psychology > Chapter 3: Biology & Neuroscience > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Biology & Neuroscience Flashcards

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1
Q

nervous system

A

consists of nerons

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2
Q

neuron

A

transmits electrical impulses throughout the body.

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3
Q

composed of nucleus and soma etc.

A

neurons

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4
Q

glial cells

A

assist neurons by bringing nutrients, providing structural support, speeding up impulses

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5
Q

dendrites

A

extensions of soma that receive signals from neurons

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6
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemicals that bind to receptors to tell neurons to change structure/make protein

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7
Q

soma

A

cell body (connects to axon hillock)

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8
Q

axon hillock

A

start of axon

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9
Q

axons

A

wires that carry electrical signals from soma to terminals

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10
Q

presynaptic neuron

A

sends signal

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11
Q

postsynaptic

A

receives signal

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12
Q

axon terminal

A

releases neurotransmitters

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13
Q

synaptic cleft

A

gap between neurons

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14
Q

myelin sheath

A

surrounds axon and helps speed up electrical impulses (signals)

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15
Q

nodes of ranvier

A

breaks in myelin sheath that allows ions like CL, K , Na to enter and create action potential

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16
Q

propagation

A

process of electrical impulse being sent to the end of the neuron

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17
Q

excitatory neurotransmitters

A

increase chance of neurons being activated (hyperpolarization)

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18
Q

inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

decrease chance of neurons being activated (depolarization)

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19
Q

agonist

A

drug from outside body that acts as neurotransmitter

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20
Q

antagonist

A

drug from outside body the inhibits neurotransmitters

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21
Q

compete for binding sites

A

agonist and antagonist drugs

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22
Q

olidendeocytes

A

surround myelin sheaths of axons in brain and spinal cord (CNS)

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23
Q

schwann cells

A

surround myelin sheaths of axons outside brain and spinal cord (PNS)

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24
Q

astrocytes

A

delivers nutrients and maintains charge

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25
Q

microglia

A

rids of waste

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26
Q

neural networks

A

connections between the dendrites and axons of multiple neurons

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27
Q

efferents

A

carries signal away from CNS

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28
Q

afferents

A

carries signal toward CNS

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29
Q

neuroplasticity

A

ability of new neural connections to be made

30
Q

neocortex

A

conscious actions (outer brain portion)

31
Q

medulla

A

automatic life functions (near spinal cord)

32
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

system for relaxation, digestion, sexual arousal and recovery

33
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

nerves outside skull and spine that send signals to CNS

34
Q

spinal cord

A

controls reflex

35
Q

gray matter

A

glial cells and neurons (info processors)

36
Q

somatic nervous system

A

voluntary

37
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

involuntary

38
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

system for excitement, heart rate increasing, flight or flight & consumes energy away from parasympathetic system

39
Q

prosencephalon

A

forebrain (during natal development)

40
Q

mesencephalon

A

midbrain (during natal development)

41
Q

rhombencephalon

A

hindbrain (during natal development)

42
Q

medulla and pons

A

regulate basic life functions (involuntary)

43
Q

medulla oblongata

A

lowest part of the brain connected to spinal cord controlling breathing heartbeat, swallowing

44
Q

pons

A

top of the brain stem controls coordination, facial expressions, eye movement

45
Q

vestibulocochlear

A

left right coordination

46
Q

reticular activating system

A

neurons between medulla and pons - controls attention focus

47
Q

ADHD

A

dysfunction in RAS

48
Q

basal ganglia and cerebellum

A

modify high level commands in prefrontal cortex

49
Q

limbic system

A

responsible for behaviour and emotional response - consists of cortexes and midbrain

50
Q

amygdala

A

releases adrenaline during fight or flight (intense emotions, anxiety)

51
Q

hippocampus

A

responsible for memory

52
Q

cingulate gyrus

A

focuses our attention on unpleasant emotions

53
Q

hypothalamus

A

responsible for hunger responses, sexual behaviour, aggression (primitive urges)

54
Q

dorsal striatum

A

involved in motor control, decision-making

55
Q

ventral striatum

A

involved in reward processing

56
Q

direct pathway

A

excitatory

57
Q

indirect pathways

A

inhibitory

58
Q

cerebellum

A

rhythm and timing

59
Q

spinocerebellar

A

sensory and motor input

60
Q

vestibulocerebellar

A

balance and posture (inner-ear)

61
Q

cerebrocerebellar

A

timing and planning of movement

62
Q

thalamus

A

packages experiences together, helps us choose what to pay attention to, involved with all senses except smell,

63
Q

neocortex

A

new brain

64
Q

frontal lobe

A

decision-making and voluntary movement

65
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

decides when and how we do things

66
Q

parietal lobe

A

processing math concepts

67
Q

temportal lobe

A

memories, sound, amnesia, language processing (Wernicke’s area)

68
Q

occipital lobe

A

processes light stimuli

69
Q

brain laterality

A

left and right brain:
visual: right sees generally, left sees detail
language is left, hearing is right

70
Q

endocrine system

A

releases hormones into body
(hypothalamus, pineal gland, pituitary gland)

71
Q

pineal gland

A

sleep

72
Q

pituitary gland

A

hormones for sex, reproduction, hunger aggression

Psychology (3 decks)

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