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Biology 111 > chapter 7: inside the cell > Flashcards

chapter 7: inside the cell Flashcards

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1
Q

prokaryotic cells

A

archea, bacteria, e coli
- HAS A nucleoid instead of a nucleus which can contain plasmids
- most have a single circular chromosome located in nuceloid
- large # of ribosomes
- can be photosynthetic
-some possess primitive organelles
- have thick cell wall to protect themselves
- have flagella + fimbriae

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2
Q

whats a nuceloid?

A

irregularly shaped region that stores DNA

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3
Q

prokaryotic dna is found

A

supercoiled due to the length of DNA relative to the size of the prokaryotic cell

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4
Q

what are plasmids?

A

segments of circular dna that encode for RNA/ protein but independent of. chromosome

referred to as a auxiliary/ secondary genetic element

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5
Q

what can take up plasmids??

A

bacteria

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6
Q

prokaryotes having a large # of ribosomes inside their cells represent

A

machinery that carries out the conversion of RNA to protein

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7
Q

(prokaryotes can be photosynthetic)
cyanobacteria have

A

thylakoid membranes containing enzymes capable of converting sunlight into energy

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8
Q

(some prokaryotes possess primitive organelles)
some bacterial species have organelles that concentrate carbon dioxide in order to produce…

A

more complex macromolecules (carboxysomes)

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9
Q

(prokaryotes have thick cell wall to protect themselves)

cytoplasm of most bacteria and archea contains

A

higher concentration of solutes than the external environment

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10
Q

molecular motor protein that prokaryotes have

A

flagellum

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11
Q

projections from their surface (prokaryotes) that allow them to move around in evironment

A

fimibriae

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12
Q

do prokaryotes or eukaryotic cells have specialized organelles?

A

eukaryotic cells!!

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13
Q

compared to prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells are ____ in size

A

larger but theres a con

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14
Q

as cell size increases

A

volume increases and surface area decreases (area where diffusion occurs)

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15
Q

diffusion of ions and particles are less efficient in cells with

A

a small surface area and large volume

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16
Q

diffusion of ions and particles are more efficient in cells with

A

larger surface are and smaller volume

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17
Q

how do organelles help eukaryotic cells

A
  1. increase surface area of a cell to volume ratio
  2. increase specificity …. serve as area of specialization within the cell (specific cellular processes take place)
  3. allow for specific chemical reactions to be more efficient
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18
Q

how do organelles allow for chemical reactions to be more efficient in eukaryotic cells?

A

by concentrating specific enzymes in one location

ex: enzymes needed for ATP production are concentrated more at mitochondria

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19
Q

nucleus is storage site for

A

genetic information/DNA/ most genes in cells

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20
Q

some genes are also found in the

A

mitochondria and chloroplasts (mainly nucleus)

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21
Q

nucleus is enclosed by a

A

double membrane (2 lipid bilayers) = nuclear envelope

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22
Q

nuclear envelope has many pore like openings (nuclear pores) that allow

A

proteins to enter and exit the nucleus

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23
Q

the nucleolus (inside the nucleus) is responsible for

A

producing ribosomal RNA molecules

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24
Q

how does RNA enter the cytoplasm after exiting the nucleus

A

by nuclear pores

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25
Q

what is the site for protein and lipid production?

A

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

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26
Q

endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus both have

A

membranous sacs and tubules (cisternae)

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27
Q

ER is divided into 2 types

A
  1. rough (ribosomes)
  2. smooth (no ribosomes)
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28
Q

rough er has its name bc the surface is lined with

A

ribosomes and is a site of protein synthesis

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29
Q

ribosomes are

A

rna/ protein molecular machines that take mRNA + manufacture protein from it

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30
Q

ribsomes can be found freely in the

A

cytosol

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31
Q

what type of proteins are made by rough ER?

A

transmembrane/integral proteins or secreted proteins which are then modified

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32
Q

proteins made in cytosol are

A

soluble proteins

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33
Q

in ER, what are newly proteins modified with?

A

carbohydrates which form glycoproteins allowing them to undergo proper folding into tertiary/quaternary structures

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34
Q

why are smooth er called smooth?

A

due to the lack of ribosomes on its surface

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35
Q

what are smooth er responsible for?

A

for the synthesis of lipid species (phospholipids and steroids like sex hormones)

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36
Q

smooth er are also a storage site for

A

calcium ions

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37
Q

in the muscle cells, calcium ions stored in smooth er are released for …

A

muscle contraction when a nerve stimulates the muscle

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38
Q

where are proteins modified and secreted?

A

in the golgi apparatus

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39
Q

functions of golgi apparatus

A
  1. receive newly made proteins from ER
  2. modify those proteins w. carbohydrate molecules needed for their proper function (glycoproteins)
  3. sorts and transports proteins to many locations throughout the cell
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40
Q

cis- cisternae are

A

closest to nucleus
- mojdifying

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41
Q

trans- cisternae are

A

closest to plasma membrane
- sorting of proteins then transports them

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42
Q

as proteins move from cis- to trans- cisternae why are they processed in different ways ?

A

bc of the unique types of enzymes in each cisternae

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43
Q

what are the centers for reduction-oxidation reactions?

A

peroxisomes

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44
Q

peroxisomes have

A

enzymes that remove hydrogen atoms from many harmful substances (alc.) and transfer them to oxygen, producing hydrogen peroxide as by-product (neutralizing it)

(has catalase)

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45
Q

catalase

A

enzymes that break down hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) into water and oxygen…preventing H2O2 from doing any cellular damage.

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46
Q

in peroxisomes oxygen is used to breakdown…

A

fatty acids into smaller molecules that act as a fuel source for cellular respiration by mitochondria

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47
Q

what are the recycling centers of cell?

A

lysosomes

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48
Q

lysosomes contain …

A

hydrolases enzymes that hydrolyze proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and other macromolecules into their monomers (basic functional units ex is amino acids)

49
Q

hydrolases require _____ for their proper functioning

A

acidic environment/ PH

50
Q

proton pumps on surface of lysosome maintain…

A

acidic pH inside the lumen of the organelle which depends on ATP hydrolysis
(non spontaneous)

51
Q

what do lysosome recycle out?

A

digested broken down material which then goes into the cytosol for the cell to reuse it

52
Q

mitochondria and chloroplasts both…

A

supply energy to cells

53
Q

in animal and plant cells the mitochondria supplies energy to cells by producing…

A

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

54
Q

does the mitochondria have a double membrane?

A

Yes!!! Outer smooth membrane and inner (consist for many sac like cristae) membrane

55
Q

enzymes needed to produce ATP are embedded where?

A

inner membrane

56
Q

main site of ATP production is where?

A

in the mitochondria

57
Q

mitochondria has their own ribosomes and DNA… the dna is known as what

A

mitochondrial DNA

58
Q

mitochondrial dna is independent of

A

nuclear DNA

It used to be a single free organism (mitochondrial dna)

59
Q

most mitochondrial genes are those that encode rna for…

A

mitochondrial ribosomes

60
Q

chloroplasts are found in

A

plant and algae

61
Q

what do the chloroplasts carry out?

A

photosynthesis

62
Q

what is photosynthesis?

A

conversion of sunlight into chemical energy (glucose)

63
Q

chloroplasts have double membrane but have this unique structure…

A

thylakoids

64
Q

thylakoids are

A

membrane bound sacs with enzymes that carryout photosynthesis. it is surrounded by an aqueous fluid (stroma)

65
Q

stroma contains…

A

enzymes that convert chemical energy produced by photosynthesis into sugars

66
Q

what is thought about both chloroplasts and mitochondria?

A

they are ancestral prokaryotes that were engulfed by larger prokaryotes (eukaryote ancestor)

67
Q

how were these small prokaryotes kept alive?

A

due to their ability to produce energy for larger prokaryotes === eventually evolved to form 1st eukaryote cells (endosymbiosis theory)

68
Q

nuclear pore complex

A

multi subunit protein complex that has around 30 different proteins interacting

69
Q

what does the nuclear pore complex do?

A

it regulates the import + export of molecules into and out of nucleus

70
Q

does dna exit or enter the nucleus?
does rna? do proteins?

A

DNA does NOT
rna and proteins do but require active transport.

71
Q

what can freely diffuse through nuclear pores?

A

nucleotides

72
Q

nuclear localization sequence/ nuclear export sequence

A

molecular zip codes/sequences that allow proteins to enter/exit nucleus respectively

73
Q

RNA molecule are bound to what part of a protein to aid in export out of nucleus ?

A

bind in 5’ end and 3’ end, assisting in the rna passage

74
Q

what is the cells trafficking system?

A

endomembrane system

75
Q

what does the endomembrane system do?

A

sort and deliver cargo (like proteins) needed for normal cell function throughout the cell

76
Q

what is part of the endomembrane system?

A

ER, golgi, endosomes, mitochondria, plasma membrane etc.

77
Q

what is the secretory pathway responsible for

A

production and trafficking of newly synthesized proteins

78
Q

in the secretory pathways, newly made proteins go from er to golgi thennn brought into

A

vesicles and then delivered to locations throughout the cell (plasma membrane for examples, etc.)

79
Q

what did the pulse chase experiment track?

A

protein movement

80
Q

what is the network of fibers that provide structural support for cells

A

cytoskeleton

81
Q

how many types of filaments make up the cytoskeleton and what are they

A

3 types
1. actin filaments
2. intermediate filaments
3. microtubules

82
Q

how are the 3 types of filaments distinguished?

A

by size, structure, and type of protein subunit

83
Q

actin filaments (microfilaments)

A

structure is two coiled strands (7nm) with actin subunits

function is to maintain cell shape by resisting tension/pull. Move cells via muscle contraction/cell crawling. Divide animal cells into 2. Move organelles + cytoplasm in plants, fungi, and animals.

84
Q

intermediate filaments

A

structure is fibers wound into thicker cables (10 nm)
has subunits of keratins and lamins, etc.

function is to maintain cell shape by resisting tension/pull. Anchors nucleus and other organelles.

85
Q

microtubules

A

structure is a hollow rod (25nm)
subunits of alpha and beta tubulin dimers

function is to…
maintain cell shape by resisting compression (push). Move cells via flagella / cilia. Move chromosomes during cell division. Assist formation of cell plate during plant cell division. Provide tracks for intracellular transport.

AIDS IN CELLULAR MOVEMENT

86
Q

are microtubules constructed from related protein subunits?

A

yes, alpha tublin and beta tublin which interact to form a heterodimer

87
Q

similar to actin, tubulin dimers polymerize in a

A

minus to plus end fashion… alpha to beta direction forming protofilaments

88
Q

protofilaments interaction forms

A

the actual microtubule

89
Q

are microtubules or actin larger?

A

microtubules are much larger

90
Q

where do microtubules originate from?

A

from the structure, microtubule organizing center (MTOC)

91
Q

in most animal cells, where are MTOC located near?

A

the nucleus known as the centrosome which consists of 2 centrioles

92
Q

what do centrioles consist of ?

A

9 sets of triplet microtubules arranged in a ring (microtubules flow from)

93
Q

microtubules work with

A

motor proteins (kinesin and dynein)

94
Q

microtubules play huge role in what?

A

separating chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis ALSO cell motility and vesicle trafficking

95
Q

in vesicle trafficking, what happends?

A

vesicles are transported to destinations along microtubules with help of motor proteins (dynein and kinesin)

96
Q

dynein and kinesin hydrolyze what?

A

ATP to ADP and during this it undergoes conformational changes that allow them (and associated vesicles) to move across microtubules

97
Q

anything dynein or kinesin do requires hydrolysis of ATP so its…

A

non spontaneous (requires energy)

98
Q

flagella

A

whip like projections that aid in cell movement

99
Q

cilia

A

many tiny hair like projections aid in cell movement

100
Q

structure of both flagella and cilia have…

A

axoneme

101
Q

what is a axoneme?

A

a ring of 9 microtubule pairs surrounding 2 central microtubules

102
Q

where does the axoneme originate from?

A

from basal body (equivalent of the centriole but distinct) which is anchored in the cell underneath plasma membrane

103
Q

the use of dyneins that are attached along each outer microtubule pair is used in what movement?

A

flagella and cilia

104
Q

hydrolysis of ATP causes microtubule pairs to …

A

oscillate

105
Q

actin filaments are long strands of

A

actin monomers bound to one another, which coil to form a helical structure

has a plus and minus end

106
Q

plus end of actin filaments is associated with

A

faster polymerization

107
Q

minus end of actin filaments is associated with

A

slower polymerization

108
Q

can actin monomers be recycled?

A

yes by depolymerization process

109
Q

what does the depolymerization process do

A

allows actin monomers to be reused for additional polymerization reactions

110
Q

what does treadmilling mean?

A

net growth at plus end and net disassembly at minus end

111
Q

theres net polymerization at the ____ end

A

plus

112
Q

theres net depolymerization at the ____ end

A

minus

113
Q

actin works with what motor protein?

A

myosin

114
Q

cytokinesis

A

cell division

115
Q

cytoplasmic streaming

A

movement of cytoplasm

116
Q

actin plays major role in … (3 things)

A
  1. motility (movement)
    2.cytokinesis
    3.cytoplasmic streaming
117
Q

myosin hydrolyzes ATP to ADP and in the process creates….

A

mechanical energy

118
Q

during ATP hydrolysis myosin undergoes what?

A

conformational changes causing head region to extend and attach to actin and then pull itself… resulting in contraction of actin- myosin bundle

119
Q

both actin and myosin interaction causes….

A

movement

Biology 111 (10 decks)

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