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Biology 111 > chapter 4 > Flashcards

chapter 4 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

nucleotides

A

monomers made up of 3 things
join together/polymerize via condensation/dehydration reaction

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2
Q

3 components of nucleotides

A

nitrogenous base, 5 carbon (pentose) sugar, phosphate group
linked tg by covalent bonding

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3
Q

nucleic acids

A

Polymers… DNA or RNA

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4
Q

what do nucleic acids do?

A

store genetic info that’s needed for cells to function, replicate, and grow

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5
Q

ribonucleotides

A

sugar moiety is ribose
in rna
uses uracil
HAS a hydroxyl group on secondary carbon

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6
Q

deoxyribonucleotides

A

sugar moiety is deoxyribose
in dna
uses thymine
absent hydroxyl group

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7
Q

nitrogenous bases

A

adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine, uracil

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8
Q

pyrimidines

A

uracil, cytosine, thymine

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9
Q

purines

A

adenine and guanine

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10
Q

where does the polymerization/ condensation/dehydration reaction of nucleotides take place in?

A

between 3’ hydroxyl group on sugar molecule and the 5’ phosphate group of another nucleotide

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11
Q

what does the linking of nucleotides form

A

strand of DNA or rna (have directionality)
which has free 5’ phosphate group and other end free 3’ hydroxyl group

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12
Q

how is the sequence of bases in RNA/DNA written

A

5’ to 3’ direction bc rna and DNA is always synthesized in that direction

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13
Q

is the polymerization of nucleotides to form rna/dna spontaneous?

A

NOOO, it requires consistent input of energy

but inside cells, nucleic acid polymerization is made spontaneous by chemically modifying nucleotides

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14
Q

chemically modifying nucleotides inside cells to make nucleic acid polymerization spontaneous involves…

A

adding 2 phosphate groups to 5’ phosphate of nucleotides to generate (deoxy)nucleoside triphosphates orrr activated nucelotides

increases potential energy

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15
Q

atp (adenosine triphosphate) is an example of what

A

activated nucleotides

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16
Q

what drives the polymerization of a nucleic acid?

A

energy release when two phosphates are hydrolyzed from nucleoside triphosphate

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17
Q

similar to proteins DNA has what?

A

Primary and secondary structures with sugar-phosphate backbone created by phosphodiester bonds (w. any 4 nitrogenous bases extending from that backbone)

18
Q

2 rules of dna based on observations are

A
  1. # of purines = # of pyrimidines
  2. equal # of T’s and A’s…. equal #’s of G’s and C’s

this hints at base pair makeup of dna

19
Q

what did watson crick model predict and propose?

A

complementary base pairing
proposed DNA is a biological reservoir of info.

20
Q

realizing that pairing A with t… C with G occur from

A

hydrogen bonding

21
Q

purine- pyrumidine pairing allows

A

2 hydrogen bonds to form between Adenine and thymine
3 hydrogen bonds between Guanine and Cytosine

22
Q

when could hydrogen bonding between base pair form?

A

if the bases on opposite strands are flipped 180 relative to one another….
one strand runs 5’ to 3’ and the other 3’ to 5’ (strands run antiparallel to one another)

23
Q

carbon nitrogen runs of nucleotides are hydrophobic in DNA so in aq. solution this makes the DNA what?

A

helical / twist into a helix so that the hydrophobic bases don’t come in contact w. water (minimally)

24
Q

is dna hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

hydrophilic and soluble in aq. solutions bc of the sugar phosphate backbone (negatively charged phosphate groups)

phosphate groups interact with water due to their polarity

25
Q

how is DNA further stabilized?

A

by van der waals interactions

26
Q

van der Waals interactions between nucleotides allow…

A

adjacent bases to stack on top of each other, stabilizing the double helical structure of DNA

27
Q

the sequence of nucleotides along a segment of DNA acts as what

A

a code for the production of RNA and protein… central dogma
- DNA has blueprint needed for the products of both ^ (has biological function)

28
Q

does DNA have info to copy itself to be produced by cells?

A

yes it does
dna can copy itself

29
Q

whats the process of DNA replication?

A
  1. 2 strands of dna are seperated by breaking hydrogen bonds that hold it tg
  2. free deoxyribonucleotides form hydrogen bonds w. original strand of DNA (template strand) thru complementary base pairing, forming new complementary strand of DNA
  3. complementary base pairing + phosphodiester bond formation allows production of 2 daughter DNA molecules (same)
30
Q

DNA IS ____ meaning each strand of original DNA acts as template for new strand of DNA

A

semiconservative

31
Q

instead of thymine (dna), RNA uses what

A

Uracil

32
Q

instead of deoxyribose (dna), RNA uses what sugar

A

ribose

33
Q

what does ribose have

A

has 2’ carbon with hydroxy group (OH) making rna less stable than dna

34
Q

is dna or rna less stable and why?

A

RNA due to the presence of hydroxyl group on secondary carbon

35
Q

RNA is single stranded but could be found double stranded in what structure?

A

secondary

36
Q

since rna is single stranded it can …

A

twist and fold upon itself

when 1 part of strand folds over n aligns with another part of strand, 2 strands run antiparallel of each other
(WITH complementarity hydrogen bind to one another)

37
Q

where do most purine and pyrimidine bases in RNA undergo hydrogen bonding with complementary bases?

A

Same strand of RNA due to the alignment of strands running antiparallel

38
Q

unpaired regoins of NO complementarity form…

A

loops (unbounded regoins of RNA)

39
Q

when does a RNA Tertiary structure arise?

A

When secondary structure forms more complex shapes

40
Q

How does RNA have more versatility than dna?

A

It is able to form more complex shapes and sometimes perform enzymatic functions like ribozymes

41
Q

whats a ribozyme

A

rna enzymes performing many functions

42
Q

since rna stores info and provides a template for replication and catalyzes reactions whats theory comes up

A

that life could have originated from rna-based world

Biology 111 (10 decks)

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