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Psychology 223 Child Development > Chapter 7 Information Processing > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Information Processing Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the information processing approach?

A

Analyzes how children manipulate information, analyze it and create strategies for handling it.

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2
Q

What limits information processing in children?

A

Capacity, speed and ability to manipulate information

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3
Q

What are cognitive resources?

A

Capacity
Speed of processing

Have an important influence on memory and problem solving

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4
Q

What are three mechanisms that Robert Siegler described that work together to create changes in cognitive skills?

A
  1. Encoding
  2. Automaticity
  3. Strategy Construction
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5
Q

What is encoding?

A

the process by which information gets into memory

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6
Q

what is automaticity?

A

The ability to process information with little or no effort

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7
Q

What is Strategy Construction?

A

The creation of new procedures for processing information

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8
Q

How is the information-processing theory different to piaget’s theory?

A

IPT: gradual, continuous development

- more focus on ongoing cognitive activity (encoding and strategies)

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9
Q

What are the four allocations of attention?

A

Selective Attention
Divided attention
Sustained attention
Executive Attention

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10
Q

What is selective attention?

A

focusing on a specific relevant aspect of experience while ignoring those that are irrelevant

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11
Q

What is Divided attention?

A

Concentrating on more than one activity at the same time

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12
Q

What is Sustained attention (vigilance)?

A

The state of readiness to detect and respond to small changes occurring at random times in the environment

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13
Q

What is executive attention?

A

Involves action planning, allocating attention to goals, error detection, aand compensation, monitoring progress on tasks and dealing with novel or difficult circumstances

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14
Q

How is attention seen in infancy?

A

-Orienting/investigative process.
new stimuli typically elicit an orienting response followed by sustained attention
-Habituation and dishabituation
-joint attention

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15
Q

What is habituation and dishabituation?

A

Habituation: decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentation of the stimulus
Dishabituation: recover of a habituated reponse after a change in stimuli (trading toys out ever couple months)

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16
Q

What is Joint Attention? What three things does it require?

A

Individuals focus on the same object or event
Requires:
1. an ability to track anothers behaviour such as following someones gaze
2. One person directing another’s attention
3. Reciprical attention

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17
Q

What two aspects of attention do young children make the most advancement in?

A

-executive
-sustained
Gain more control in attention

18
Q

What are the basic processes required for memory?

A

Encoding
storage
retrieval

19
Q

What is the difference between short-term memory and long term memory?

A

Short-Term: 15-30 seconds

Long-term: relatively permanent and unlimited

20
Q

What is working memory?

A

mental workbench where individuals manipulate and assemble information when they make decisions. solve problems and comprehend written and spoken language

21
Q

What are the two short-term stores?

A

One for speech and one for visual and spatial information

22
Q

What is the central executive in memory?

A

Monitors and controls the system

23
Q

What is the episodic buffer?

A

Stores information in a multidimensional code. linking working memory to perception and longterm memory

24
Q

What is the schema theory?

A

People mold memories to fit information that already exists in their minds. Guided by schemas

25
Q

What is the Fuzzy Trace Theory?

A

Proposed by brainerd and Reyna
-Individuals encode information they create a verbatim memory trace (precise detail) and a fuzzy trace or gist (the central idea)

26
Q

What are the first memory ideas?

A

Rovee-Collier: infants 2-6months remember perceptual-motor information through ages 1-1/2 to 2
Mandler: Argued that the infants in Rovee-Colliers experiments display only implicit memory ie memories of automatic skills and routine procedures
Bauer: Explicit memory doesn’t occur until the second half of the first year

27
Q

What are two theories as to why most adults don’t remember anything before the third year?

A
  1. Memories from the first few years of life cannot be fully encoded in a manner that enables later retrieval until language, theory of mind and/or cofnitive self emerges
  2. Neurogenesis- the ongoing addition of new neural connections that occurs in the hippocampus for several years after birth - interferes with the ability to form enduring memories
28
Q

What was Jean Mandler’s opinion on thinking in infancy?

A
  • Early categorizations are best described as perceptual (size, colour)
  • Conceptual categories formed around 7-9 months (types of cars types of chairs)
  • advances in processing information - through attention, memory, irritation and concep formation - much richer and more gradual and less stagelike and occurs earlier than piaget thought
29
Q

What is executive functioning?

A

Higher-level cognitive processes linked to prefontal cortex such as goal directed behaviour, working memory, cognitive flexibility, and self control

30
Q

When does working memory and inhibition occur?

A

Age 5

31
Q

When does cognitive flexibility occur?

A

age 7

32
Q

What is critical thinking?

A

thinking reflectively and productively and evaluating evidence

  • ask not what but how and why
  • compare and judge
  • evaluate rather than just accepting an answer
33
Q

What is one way to encourage students to think critically?

A

present them with controversial topics or both sides of an issue and allow them to discuss

34
Q

What is mindfulness in regards to thinking?

A

Being alert, mentally present and cognitively flexible while going through life’s everyday activities

35
Q

What is scientific thinking?

A

Aimed at identifying causal relationships

36
Q

What two tools do children use to solve problems?

A

Analogies (bear is to cub as cat is to kitten)

Strategies (eeny meeny miney mo)

37
Q

What is the dual-process model in regards to decision making?

A

States that decision making is influenced by two cognitive systems:

  1. analytical (schema, bias, normative)
  2. experiential (procedural and episodic memory)
38
Q

What is the Theory of Mind?

A

Awareness of one’s own mental processes and the mental processes of others

39
Q

What are three mental states that infants understand between 18months to 3 years?

A
  1. Perceptions
  2. Emotions
  3. Desires
40
Q

When do children understand perceptions?

A

by 2 years

Psychology 223 Child Development (13 decks)

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