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Exam 2019 > Chapter 7: Genito-urinary system > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Genito-urinary system Flashcards

1
Q

How do you manage acute urinary retention?

A

Catheterisation

alpha blocker such as tamsulosin, doxazosin should be given at least 2 days beforehand

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2
Q

What is the pharmacological management of chronic urinary retention in men?

A

An alpha-adrenoceptor blocker (alfuzosin hydrochloride, doxazosin, tamsulosin hydrochloride or terazosin). Treatment should initially be reviewed after 4–6 weeks and then every 6–12 months.

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3
Q

What is the pharmacological treatment for benign prostate hyperplasia in those who are deemed suitable?

A

5a-reductase inhibitor - finasteride, dutasteride

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4
Q

What can be used for the pharmacological management of urinary incontinence?

A

Oxybutinin
Tolterodine
Fesoterodine
Solifenacin succinate

Mirabegron - only if antimuscarinics ineffective/not suitable

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5
Q

What is the suggested duration of treatment for an uncomplicated lower UTI in men and women?

A

7 days for men

3 for women

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6
Q

What 3 antibiotics can be used for long term low dose lower UTI prophylaxis?

A

Trimethoprim
Nitrofurantoin
Cefalexin

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7
Q

What antibiotics should be used for management of upper UTIs (acute pyelonephritis)?

How long should the treatment be?

A

IV Broad spectrum antibiotic e.g. cephalosporin, quinolone
Or IV gent if severely ill

10-14 days

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8
Q

What would be the most appropriate antibiotic classes for a pregnant lady with a UTI?

A

Penicillins or cephalosporins

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9
Q

If non drug treatment is unsuccessful (e.g. using an alarm, fluid intake) in children who have nocturnal enuresis, what would be the pharmacological management?

A

Oral desmopressin if > 5 years

For children under 5 years, this should resolve spontaneously

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10
Q

When starting alpha blockers for urinary retention/benign prostate hyperplasia, when should the first dose be taken and why?

A

At bedtime ideally as can cause hypotension and possibly a collapse

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11
Q

What is the MHRA warning regarding the use of finasteride?

A

Rare reports of depression and suicidal thoughts

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12
Q

What is used for the alkalinisation of urine?

A

Potassium citrate

Sodium bicarbonate

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13
Q

If a patient requires major elective surgery and is on an oestrogen-containing contraceptive, how is this managed?

A

Should be stopped 4 weeks before if it means the surgery will result in prolonged immobilisation of lower limbs

Should be restarted at the first menses occurring at least 2 weeks after full mobilisation

A progesterone only contraceptive may be provided as an alternative

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14
Q

Before surgery, if an oestrogen-containing contraceptive cannot be stopped beforehand, what is recommended?

A

Thromboprophylaxis

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15
Q

What would be the reasons to immediately stop combined hormonal contraceptives or HRT?

A
  • Sudden severe chest pain (even if not radiating to left arm)
  • Sudden breathlessness (or cough with blood-stained sputum)

-Unexplained swelling or severe pain in calf of one leg;
severe stomach pain

  • Serious neurological effects including unusual severe, prolonged headache
  • Hepatitis, jaundice, liver enlargement
  • Blood pressure above systolic 160 mmHg or diastolic 95 mmHg; (in adolescents stop if blood pressure very high)
  • Prolonged immobility after surgery or leg injury
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16
Q

What is an associated risk of the IUD in women under 25 years?

A

Increased risk of pelvic inflammatory disease

Copper has higher risk over the progesterone only IUD

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17
Q

Other than patient choice, in what groups of patients would you consider the progesterone only pill over the combined hormonal contraceptive?

A

When oestrogens are contra-indicated (including those with history of VTE, heavy smokers, those with hypertension above systolic 160 mmHg or diastolic 95 mmHg, valvular heart disease, diabetes mellitus with complications, and migraine with aura)

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18
Q

Intravesical is administration into where?

A

Bladder

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19
Q

Combined oral contraceptives reduce the risk of what types of cancer?

A

Ovarian and endometrial cancer

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20
Q

It is recommended that combined oral contraceptives are not continued beyond what age?

A

50 years as there are more suitable alternatives

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21
Q

Low strength preparations of combined contraceptive pill contain how much ethinylestradiol?

When would you use this?

A

20 micrograms

If risk factors for circulatory disease are present

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22
Q

Standard strength preparations of combined contraceptive pill contain how much ethinylestradiol?

A

30 or 35 micrograms

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23
Q

Phased preparations of the combined contraceptive pill is appropriate for what individuals?

A

Who either do not have withdrawal bleeding or who have breakthrough bleeding with monophasic products

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24
Q

Can progesterone only contraceptives be used during surgery?

A

Yes

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25
Q

Women taking oral contraceptives are at an increased risk of deep vein thrombosis during long periods of travel over how many hours?

A

Over 3 hours

26
Q

At what part of the cycle can you start combined oral contraceptive?

When would you need to have additional barrier method and for how long for?

A

If reasonably certain woman is not pregnant, first course can be started on any day of cycle

If starting on day 6 of cycle or later, additional precautions (barrier methods) necessary during first 7 days.

27
Q

If a patient is on combined oral contraception and is changing to another combined oral contraception containing a different progesterone, how is this done?

A

If previous contraceptive used correctly, or pregnancy can reasonably be excluded, start the first active tablet of new brand immediately

May need additional precautions but depends on specific preparations

28
Q

If a patient is on a progesterone only tablet and is changing to a combined oral contraception, how is this does and are additional precautions needed?

A

If previous contraceptive used correctly, or pregnancy can reasonably be excluded, start new brand immediately, additional precautions (barrier methods) necessary for first 7 days.

29
Q

If a patient wishes to start combined oral contraception after childbirth (not breastfeeding), how is this done?

When would additional precautions be needed?

A

Start 3 weeks after birth (increased risk of thrombosis if started earlier); later than 3 weeks postpartum additional precautions (barrier methods) necessary for first 7 days (9 days for Qlaira®).

30
Q

What is the risk of starting combined oral contraception before the recommended 3 weeks postpartum?

A

Increased risk of thrombosis

31
Q

If a patient has had an abortion or miscarriage, when can they start combined oral contraception if they want to?

A

Start same day

32
Q

What is the advice surrounding a patient being started on combined oral contraception if breastfeeding?

A

Avoid until weaning

Or

Avoid for 6 months after birth (adverse effects on lactation).

33
Q

What are the 6 risk factors for VTE for combined oral contraception?

How many risk factors would deem the patient unsuitable for combined oral contraception?

A
  1. Family history of venous thromboembolism in first-degree relative aged under 45 years
  2. Obesity; body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m2 (avoid if body mass index ≥ 35 kg/m2 unless no suitable alternative)
  3. Long-term immobilisation e.g. in a wheelchair, leg in plaster
  4. History of superficial thrombophlebitis
  5. Age over 35 years (avoid if over 50 years)
  6. Smoking.

Use with caution if any of following factors present but avoid if two or more factors present

34
Q

What are the 7 risk factors for arterial disease for combined oral contraception?

How many risk factors would deem the patient unsuitable for combined oral contraception?

A
  1. Family history of arterial disease in first degree relative aged under 45 years
  2. Diabetes mellitus (avoid if diabetes complications present)
  3. Hypertension
  4. Smoking (avoid if smoking 40 or more cigarettes daily)
  5. Age over 35 years (avoid if over 50 years)
  6. Obesity (avoid if body mass index ≥ 35 kg/m2 unless no suitable alternative)
  7. Migraine without aura
35
Q

At what blood pressure would you avoid initiating combined oral contraceptives in?

A

Above systolic 160 mmHg or diastolic 95 mmHg

36
Q

You would avoid initiating combined oral contraceptives in patients smoking how many cigarettes a day?

A

40

37
Q

What is the patient advice surrounding combined oral contraceptives and headaches?

A

Women should report any increase in headache frequency or onset of focal symptoms (discontinue immediately)

38
Q

Combined oral contraceptives increase the risk of what types of cancer?

A

Breast and cervical

39
Q

What is the patient advice surrounding combined oral contraceptives and vomiting/diarrhoea?

When is it advised to take additional precautions?

A

If vomiting occurs within 2 hours of taking a combined oral contraceptive another pill should be taken as soon as possible

In cases of persistent vomiting or severe diarrhoea lasting more than 24 hours, additional precautions should be used during and for 7 days after recovery

40
Q

Patient taking combined oral contraceptives:

If vomiting and diarrhoea occurs during the last 7 tablets, what is the advice?

A

The next pill-free interval should be omitted (in the case of ED tablets the inactive ones should be omitted).

41
Q

Combined oral contraception:

A missed pill is one that is more than how many hours late?

A

24 hours

42
Q

If a woman forgets to take one dose of her combined oral contraceptive pill, what is the advice?

A

If a woman forgets to take a pill, it should be taken as soon as she remembers, and the next one taken at the normal time (even if this means taking 2 pills together).

43
Q

If a woman misses 2 or more oral combined contraceptive pills, what is the advice?

A

If a woman misses 2 or more pills (especially from the first 7 in a packet), she may not be protected. She should take an active pill as soon as she remembers and then resume normal pill-taking.

In addition, she must either abstain from sex or use an additional method of contraception such as a condom for the next 7 days. If these 7 days run beyond the end of the packet, the next packet should be started at once, omitting the pill-free interval (or, in the case of everyday (ED) pills, omitting the 7 inactive tablets).

44
Q

In patients taking oral combined contraceptives, when would EHC be recommended?

A

Emergency contraception is recommended if 2 or more combined oral contraceptive tablets are missed from the first 7 tablets in a packet and unprotected intercourse has occurred since finishing the last packet.

45
Q

What is the MHRA warning with IUD contraception?

A

Uterine perforation most often occurs during insertion, but might not be detected until sometime later

Signs and symptoms include:

  • Severe pelvic pain after insertion (worse than period cramps)
  • Pain or increased bleeding after insertion which continues for more than a few weeks
  • Sudden changes in periods;
    pain during intercourse

-Unable to feel the threads

46
Q

The main risk of infection with copper IUD occurs within the first how many days after insertion?

A

Within 20 days

But believed to be linked with STIs

47
Q

What does the BNF say about the progesterone only pill and risk of breast cancer?

A

The risk of breast cancer in users of POCs is possibly of similar magnitude as that associated with COCs, however the evidence is less conclusive.

48
Q

What antidepressant can be used for moderate to severe stress incontinence in women?

A

Duloxetine

49
Q

What is a common electrolyte disturbance side effect of desmopressin?

A

Hyponatraemia (and associated convulsions)

50
Q

What is the patient advice for desmopressin if taking for primary nocturnal enuresis?

A

To reduce the risk of Hyponatraemia (and associated convulsions):

Should be warned to avoid fluid overload (including during swimming) and to stop taking desmopressin during an episode of vomiting or diarrhoea (until fluid balance normal).

Should not have anything to drink for 1 hour before they take desmopressin, and then for 8 hours after they have taken it.

51
Q

What is the patient advice needed with tamsulosin?

A

May affect performance of skilled tasks e.g. driving.

52
Q

What is the patient counselling with finasteride?

A

Rare cases of male breast cancer- report any lumps, nipple discharge

53
Q

What is the contraception advice with finasteride?

A

Use condoms as it is excreted in semen

Women of child-bearing potential should avoid handling crushed tablets

54
Q

The combined contraceptive pill is not for women above what age?

A

50

55
Q

At what point of the menstrual cycle should you start the progesterone only pill? If this is not possible, how many days of additional precaution do you need?

A

Start on Day 1

If started after day 5, additional precaution is needed for 2 days

56
Q

After how many hours is classed as a missed pill for progesterone only?

What is the exception?

How many days will you will you need additional precaution?

A

3 hours

Desogestrel - 12 hours

2 days of additional precaution needed

57
Q

When would you need EHC if taking the progesterone only pill?

A

If you miss a dose and unprotected sex occurs before 2 pills are taken correctly

58
Q

What is the advice around the progesterone only pill ad vomiting?

A

If you vomit within 2 hours of taking the pill, take another one ASAP

If you have been unable to take the pill within 3 hours of normal time (12 hours for desogestrel) then additional protection is needed until 2 days after

59
Q

True or false:

It is not advised to remove an IUD mid cycle

A

True

60
Q

What is the MHRA advice with contraceptive implants?

A

Implants may reach the lung via the pulmonary artery

Exam 2019 (21 decks)

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