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Biology Hall > Chapter 7- Gene Sequencing > Flashcards

Chapter 7- Gene Sequencing Flashcards

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1
Q

How does gene probing work (DNA-RNA hybridisation)

A

Gene probes find the unique sequence of nucleotides on DNA using a stretch of complimentary RNA

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2
Q

What is a gene probe

A

Fluorescently labelled mRNA

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3
Q

What are transcription factors?

A

Proteins that bind to DNA in the nucleus and affect the process of transcribing genetic material

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4
Q

What is a promoter sequence?

A

Specific regions of DNA to which transcription factors bind to stimulate transcription

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5
Q

Where are promoter sequences found?

A

At the ‘5 end of DNA

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6
Q

How do enhancer sequences work?

A

They change the structure of chromatin, making it more or less open to RNA polymerase, stimulating or preventing transcription

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7
Q

What happens in RNA splicing

A

Pre-mRNA is converted to mRNA. The introns (non-coding DNA) are removed along with some exons. The remaining exons are joined together by enzyme complex spliceosomes.

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8
Q

Why is RNA splicing important?

A

It allows more variety in the phenotype than is coded for in the genotype

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9
Q

What is DNA methylation

A

Addition of -CH3 group to modify the structure of histones to silence genes by changing the arrangement of the DNA molecule

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10
Q

Where does DNA methylation occur?

A

At the cite of Cytosine next to Guanine.

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11
Q

What is DNA methylation used for?

A

Used in embryonic development and X chromosome inactivation

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12
Q

What happens in DNA demethylation?

A

A methyl group is removed so gene becomes active and can be transcribed

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13
Q

What are histones?

A

Positively charged proteins

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14
Q

How is chromatin formed?

A

DNA winds around histones

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15
Q

What is Heterochromatin?

A

Supercoiled chromatin, no genes available for transcription

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16
Q

What is active chromatin

A

Loose chromatin, uncoiled regions of DNA opens up some genes for transcription

17
Q

What is histone acetylation

A

COCH3 group added to lysines, opens up the structure forming active chromatin that allows transcription

18
Q

What is the effect of remove a actyl group?

A

Chromatin supercoils into Heterochromatin so no genes are available to be transcribed

19
Q

What is histone methylation

A

CH3 group added to lysines. Depending on position on lysines methylation may cause inactivation of DNA or activation

20
Q

What is histone methylation used for?

A

Often linked to silencing of one X chromosome in every cell of female mammals

21
Q

What are epigenetic’s

A

Changes to the DNA structure. Gene expressions that do not alter the base sequence of the DNA strand

Biology Hall (2 decks)

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