Chapter 7- Gender + Sexuality

Question 1

Sex vs. Gender historically vs. Contemporary

Answer 1

Historically: sex and gender were linked and viewed as a binary

Contemporary: social and cultural expectations associated with different categories but not limited to men and women → not linked to sex and not binary

Question 2

Simone Beauvoir

Answer 2

First to discuss gender as a social construct separate from sex

‘The second sex’ →women always viewed relative to men and as what men are not
↳ women as other

Become gender through socialization

Question 3

Judith Butler

Answer 3

Gender as performance and impersonation
↳ performance constrained by patriarchy: men hold more privilege in society

Question 4

Arlie Hochschild

Answer 4

Concept of the second shift → women expected to maintain household as well as work full-time

Women spend DOUBLE the amount of time on household chores than men

Question 5

Angela Davis

Answer 5

Marxist analysis of gender, race, and class

Believed women liberation movement excluded WOC, and working class women
↳ white women benefited from subjugation of WOC during these movements

Question 6

Parson and Bales

Answer 6

Necessity of family unit and maintaining gender differences→ functionalist

Gender Differences are universal and inevitable

Family unit is most effective if parents play correct roles (man and woman)

Question 7

Kimberlé Crenshaw

Answer 7

Intersectionality as an analytical lense: can’t separate from race, age, ability, etc. → all impact life chances

Question 8

R.W. Connel

Answer 8

Archetypal masculinities → type of masculinity that exist across cultures that produce stereotypes

Ideal form of masculinity : America→ strong, stable, breadwinner etc.

Question 9

Biological sex as binary → debunked

Answer 9

Together chromosomes and hormones indicate higher rates of potential variability in sex and visible sex characteristics which nullifies the sex binary

Existence of Intersex people

Question 10

Bisexual erasure

Answer 10

Legitimacy of an individuals bisexuality is questioned or ignored
- Perception that bisexuality= curiosity and/or promiscuity

Face discrimination from both straight and LGBTQ communities

Question 11

Compulsory heterosexuality

Answer 11

Default assumption that people are heterosexual

Question 12

Conflict Theory on Gender

Answer 12

Capitalism necessitates reproduction of traditional family structures to support the workforce

Question 13

Functionalism on Gender

Answer 13

Gender Differences are objectively true and functional
↳ contribute to continuation of human species and social stability

Question 14

Symbolic interactionist’s on Gender

Answer 14

Gender norms, bias, and inequalities are learned and reproduced through interactions with others

Question 15

Feminism on Gender

Answer 15

Gender Differences are socially constructed and produce multiple forms of inequality across different social spheres

Question 16

Modern Marxists on Gender in relation to class

Answer 16

Compounding effect of gender oppression onto an economic base
↳ keeping women out of workforce reduces competition

Question 17

Differences between feminist waves in North America

Answer 17

1st wave: suffragette movement → some women given the right to vote
2nd wave:women’s right to equally paid work→ focused on individual freedom and competing with men as opposed to collective
3rd wave: recognition of gender as a label→ equality of all genders, not just women
4th wave: Digital continuation of 3rd wave

Question 18

Positionality vs. Standpoint vs. Intersectionality

Answer 18

Positionality→ social and political context that creates your identity →also how identity influences and biases your understanding and outlook on world
Standpoint →argues knowledge stems from social position
Intersectionality→ how different factors of discrimination can meet at an intersection and affect someone’s life

Question 19

Ideal hegemonic masculinity

Answer 19

Culturally idealized features a person presenting masculinity should have → good man is and good man is not

Question 20

Patriarchal dividends

Answer 20

The benefits all men experience for being a man: material and psychological manifestation of male privilege

Question 21

Aggrieved entitlement

Answer 21

Those who uphold masculinity are not being rewarded for their efforts

Feel as though patriarchal dividend has been denied in some way

When used to privilege → equity can feel like oppression