Chapter 7: Experimental research

Question 1

2 types of experimental research

Answer 1

between-groups and within-groups

Question 2

Between-groups design

Answer 2

2/more groups formed at random from a sample (independent groups)
Each group receives different level of IV and results of each group are compared

Question 3

Within-group design

Answer 3

All participants exposed to all levels of the IV

Comparison made between the scores obtained at different levels of the IV for the same participant

Question 4

Elements (4) of experimental research

Answer 4

Manipulation
Measurement
Comparison
Control

Question 5

Factorial design

Answer 5

Study with more than one independent variable

Question 6

Multivariate study

Answer 6

Study with more than one dependent variable

Question 7

Experimental group

Answer 7

Participants exposed to manipulation of IV

Question 8

Control group

Answer 8

Participants not exposed to manipulation of IV

Question 9

Extraneous variables

Answer 9

Variables also present in study but are not studied/investigated

Question 10

Confounding variables

Answer 10

Extraneous variables that act as an IV and can mask true effects of the IV under investigation
Only present when IV is present
Offer alternative explanation of results

Question 11

Controlling for confounds (5)

Answer 11

1) Make variable present in all conditions (holding constant)
2) Remove variable
3) Use a placebo control
4) Matching across conditions
5) Randomization

Question 12

Confounds in within-groups design (6)

Answer 12

1) History
2) Maturation
3) Repeated testing
4) Instrumentation
5) Regression to the mean
6) Environmental conditions

Question 13

Confounds in between-groups design (5)

Answer 13

1) Assignment bias
2) Differential attrition
3) Compensation
4) Resentful demoralization
5) Environmental conditions

Question 14

History

Answer 14

External events occurring between the first and second tests influencing the treatment outcome(s)

Question 15

Maturation

Answer 15

Any systematic changes in biological or physiological condition of participant over time not related to the treatment (physical growth, cognitive development, etc.)

Question 16

Repeated testing

Answer 16

Possible effects of the pretest on the posttest

Question 17

Instrumentation

Answer 17

Changes in the characteristics of a measurement instrument over time

Question 18

Regression to the mean

Answer 18

Whenever participants have extreme scores on a pretest measure, their scores will likely be closer to the mean on a subsequent measure

Question 19

Assignment bias

Answer 19

When participants are put into groups for reasons other than participation

Question 20

Differential attrition

Answer 20

When more participants fail to complete the study in the experimental group

Question 21

Compensatory equalization

Answer 21

Untreated individuals/groups learn of treatment received by others and demand to receive the same treatment or something similar

Question 22

Compensatory rivalry

Answer 22

Untreated group learns of treatment received by others and works extra hard to see to it that the expected superiority of the treatment group is not demonstrated

Question 23

Resentful demoralization

Answer 23

When individuals in untreated group learn others are receiving special treatment, they can become less productive, less efficient, or less motivated because of feelings of resentment

Question 24

Mundane realism

Answer 24

Superficial, usually physical, characteristics of the simulation, which probably have little positive effects on external validity

Question 25

Experimental realism

Answer 25

Extent to which physiological aspects of the research environment duplicate the real-world environment that is being simulated