Chapter 7 - Ethics And Ownership Flashcards
Piracy
Practice of using/making illegal copies of for example software
Product key
Security method used in software to protect against illegal copies/use
DRM
Digital Rights Management
Used to control the access to copyrighted material.
Uses protection software to help stop the copying of different online things. Creates restrictions that control what users can do with the data. Product protected by DRM may come with a key which licenses a single user on one device and this key must be registered.
Free Software Foundation
Organisation promoting the free distribution of software, giving users the freedom to run, copy, change or adapt the coding as needed
Open Source Initiative
Organisation offering the same freedoms as the Free Software Foundation, but with more of a focus on the practical consequences of the four shared rules, such as more collaborative software development
Freeware
Software that can be downloaded free of charge but is covered by the usual copyright laws and cannot be modified nor used for another purpose
Shareware
Software with a free trial period. The user will then be required to pay a free to be registered with the originator of the software (free updates and help are provided). Trial version is often lacks features that only become available once the fee is paid. Software is protected by copyright laws and users must not use the source code in their own software without permission
Morality
Understanding of the difference between right and wrong, often founded in personal beliefs
Ethics
Moral principles governing an individual’s or organisation’s behaviour, such as code of conduct
Culture
The attitudes, values and practices shared by a group of people/society
Intellectual property rights
Rules governing an individual’s ownership of their own creation or ideas, prohibiting the copying of eg. Software without the owner’s permission
Privacy
The right to keep personal information and data secrecy and for it not to be unwillingly accessed or shared through, for example, hacking
Plagiarism
Act of taking another person’s work and claiming it as one’s own
BCS
British computer society
Initially set up in the UK to represent the rights and ethical practices of all professionals working in the IT and computing industries. Now an international body which works in close partnerships with other groups to monitor and advise IT practices across the globe
IEEE
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
ACM
Association for Computing Machinery
Legal
Covers the law, whether or not an action is punishable by law
IEEE aims (3)
Raising awareness of ethical issues
Promoting ethical behaviour among professionals working in the electronics industry
Ensuring engineers and scientists respect the need for ethical behaviour
Areas covered by BCS code of conduct (4)
Public interest
Professional Competence and Integrity
Duty to Relevant Authority
Duty to the profession
Professional ethical bodies (3)
BCS
IEEE
ACM
Factors considered with computer ethics (3)
Intellectual property rights
Privacy issues
Effect of computers of society(job losses, social impacts etc.)
Unethical behavior
The breaking of a code of conduct
IEEE code of ethics commitments (5)
To avoid conflicts of interests wherever possible
To be honest and realistic in claims/estimates based on available data
To reject bribery in all forms
To treat all persons fairly without discrimination
To avoid injuring others, their property, reputation, or employment by false/malicious action
Software Engineering code of ethics principles (8)
Public
Client and employer
Product
Judgement
Management
Profession
Colleagues
Self
(Pursue Creative Positive Journeys Making Powerful Choices Sustainably)
general public things to consider when software/hardware is being developed (4)
Concerns of the public
Benefits to the public
Health & safety concerns
Public interest
Issues which can affect the general public and businesses concerning software/hardware (5)
Companies selling software systems which don’t meet the required standard for security
The covering up of security issues
Realising private data
Social media not policing subversive activities such as hate mail and cyber bullying
Search engines giving results at the top of the search due to donations to search engine operators
Software engineering code of ethics (8)
Public
Client and employer
Product
Judgement
Management
Profession
Colleagues
Self
Public explanation from Software Engineering Code of Ethics
Software engineers shall act consistently with the public interest
Client and employer explanation from Software Engineering Code of Ethics
Software engineers shall act in a manner that is in the best interests of their client and employer consistent with the public interest
Product explanation from Software Engineering Code of Ethics
Software engineers shall ensure that their products and related modifications meet the highest professional standards possible
Judgement explanation from Software Engineering Code of Ethics
Software engineers shall maintain integrity and independence in their professional judgement
Management explanation from Software Engineering Code of Ethics
Software engineering managers and leaders shall subscribe to and promote an ethical approach to the management of software development and maintenance
Profession explanation from Software Engineering Code of Ethics
Software engineering managers and leaders shall advance the integrity and reputation of the profession consistent with the public interest
Colleagues explanation from Software Engineering Code of Ethics
Software engineers shall be fair to and supportive of their colleagues
Self explanation from Software Engineering Code of Ethics
Software engineers shall participate in life-long learning regarding the practice of their profession and shall promote an ethical approach to the practice of the profession
Laws when purchasing software (5)
Illegal to make a copy and sell/give it away
Software can’t be used on a network/ on multiple computers without a multi-use license
Illegal to use coding from copyrighted software as your own without permission from the copyright holder
Illegal to rent out a software package without permission
Illegal to use the name of copyrighted software on other software without an agreement
Steps to stop illegal copying of software (5)
When installing software the user is asked to key in a unique reference no./primary key (supplied with original copy of software)
User will be asked to click a button/box stating they agree to license agreement before software installs
Original software packaging often with sticker informing purchasers that it is illegal to make copies (often a hologram)
Software will only run if the CD-ROM, DVD-ROM, or memory stick is in the drive (stops illegal multiple use & network use of the software
Software will only run if a dongle is plugged into one of the USB ports
Commercial software
Available to customers for a fee, providing a license for one genuine copy to be used on a single device, or multi-use license for multiple users. Occasionally software is offered free of charge if an earlier version was bought by the user. This type of software is fully copyright-protected and none of the code can be used without prior consent
Freedoms users are allowed to follow with free software and open source foundation (4)
Run software for any legal purpose they wish
Study the program source code and modify it where necessary to meet their needs
Redistribute copies of the software to friends and family
Distribute code modified by the user to friends and family
Rules users must adhere to with free software and open source initiative (4)
Add source code from another piece of software unless this is also described as free software or open source software
Use the source code to produce software which copies existing software which is subject to copyright laws
Adapt the source code in such a way that it infringes copyright laws protecting other software
Use the source code to produce software which is deemed offensive by third parties
Basic philosophy of free software foundation
Focuses on what the recipient of the software is permitted to do with the software
Basic philosophies of Open Source Initiative (10)
Free distribution
Source code
Derived works
Integrity of the Author’s source code
No discrimination against person or groups
No discrimination against fields of endeavour
Distribution of licence
License must not be specific to a product
License must not restrict other software
Licence must be technology neutral
What users cannot do with free software and open source initiative (4)
Add source code from other software unless also described as free software/open source software
Use source code to produce software that copies existing software which is subject to copyright laws
Adapt the source code in such a way that it infringes copyright laws protecting other software
Use source code to product software which is deemed offensive by third parties
Free distribution philosophy of Open Source Initiative
License shouldn’t restrict anyone from selling/giving away the software as a part of a software package that includes programs from different sources. The license shouldn’t require any royalties or fees.
Source code philosophy of Open Source Initiative
Program must include source code and allow distribution in source code as well as compiled form
Derived works philosophy of Open Source Initiative
License must allow modifications and derived works, and must allow them to be distributed under the same terms as the license of the original software
Integrity of the author’s source code philosophy of Open Source Initiative
The license may limit sharing modified source code unless it allows patch files to help make changes. It must clearly allow sharing the modified software. The license might also require the modified version to have a different name or version number.
No discrimination against persons or groups philosophy of Open Source Initiative
The license must not discriminate against any group or persons
No discrimination against fields of endeavour philosophy of Open Source Initiative
License must not restrict anyone from making use of the program in a specific field of endeavour (eg. used in a business or for genetic research)
Distribution of license philosophy of Open Source Initiative
The rights attached to the program must apply to all to whom the program is redistributed without the need for execution of an additional license by those parties
License must not be specific to a product philosophy of Open Source Initiative
The rights for the program shouldn’t depend on it being part of a specific software package. If the program is taken out of that package and used or shared under its license, everyone who gets it should have the same rights as the original software distribution.
