Chapter 7- Energy Metabolism

Question 1

anabolic vs. catabolic reactions

Answer 1

anabolic- making of things (glycogen, triglyc, etc). Requires energy

catabolic- breaking down of things (glyco to glucose). Releases energy

Question 2

energy metabolism

Answer 2

how the body obtains and uses energy from food to meet its needs

Question 3

What percentage of the chemical enmergy in food is converted to energy in ATP?

Answer 3

50%

Question 4

glycolysis- definition, where occurs, requires oxygen?

Answer 4

The breakdown of glucose to pyruvate. Occurs in the cytosol. Anaerobic

Question 5

pyruvate can be used to make ____

Acetyl coA can be used to make ___, but not ____

Answer 5

glucose

fats, glucose

Question 6

What is fatty acid oxidation?

Answer 6

the process of breaking down fatty acids to acetyl-coA

Question 7

Where do most amino acids go in the energy pathway?

Answer 7

to pyruvate to then make glucose (glucogenesis)

Question 8

Options for excess protein

Answer 8

1. Fill normal needs first
2. Increase protein oxidation (burn it off by converting AA to energy)
3. Make ketone bodies (acetlyl coA) which stores as fat

Question 9

Options for excess carbs

Answer 9

1. Store as glycogen
2. Increase carb oxidation to burn off
3. Make into fat

Question 10

Options for excess fat

Answer 10

Store as fat

Question 11

glucogenesis

Answer 11

the making of glucose from non-carb sources like amino acids or glycerol

Question 12

Why does fat provide more energy per gram?

Answer 12

it has more C-H bonds, so more spots for oxygens to be added. Glucose has water already so less C-H bonds

Question 13

During feasting, carbs are broken down to ___ and used for ____

Answer 13

Broken down to glucose

Used for liver & muscle glycogen stores and also body fat stores

Question 14

During feasting, fat is broken down into _____ and used for____

Answer 14

fatty acids

body fat stores

Question 15

During feasting, protein is broken into _____ and used for ______

Answer 15

amino acids

body fat stores, loss of nitrogen in urine (urea), and body proteins

Question 16

What is basal metabolism

Answer 16

the energy spent doing nothing. it’s 2.3rds of all energy a person needs

Question 17

What two organs always have to have glucose?

Answer 17

RBCs and the brain

Question 18

During fasting (2-3 hours after a meal) when dietary energy is gone,

1. Liver and muscle glycogen stores are broken down to ____ and used for _____
2. Body fat stores broken down to ____ and used for _____

Answer 18

1. glucose and used for energy for brain, RBCs , and all other cells
2. fatty acids and used for energy for everything except brain and RBCs and nerves.

Question 19

During starvation, body protein is broken down to and used for

Answer 19

1. It is broken down into amino acids
2. AA are excreted in urea, turned to glucose, or turned to ketone bodies.
3. The glucose is used for energy of water soluble cells (brain, RBCs and others). The ketones used for energy for the above or everything else.

Question 20

During starvation, body fat is broken down to and used for

Answer 20

1. broken down to fatty acids which can be used for energy for cells.
2. the fatty acids can also be turned to ketone bodies which can be used for energy for either cells

Question 21

What’s special about ketone bodies re: what they can be used for? Where are they produced? What derived from?

Answer 21

they can be used to provide energy for the water soluble things like the brain but also for energy for other cells

Produced in the liver and derived from fatty acids and acetyl-CoA

Question 22

Affects of ketosis

Answer 22

Slows the rate of body protein breakdown
lowers blood pH
induced appetite loss

Question 23

What’s the order of the body’s fuel backup plans?

Answer 23

1. Glycogen stores
2. Making glucose via glucogenesis (AA to pyruvate
3. Use fat to make ketone bodies

Question 24

What is one serving of alcohol?

Answer 24

1.2 oz of pure ethanol

Question 25

How many drinks is considered moderation (per day) in men and women?

Answer 25

Men- 2
Women- 1

Question 26

What compound in the stomach and liver digest alcohol and how is it different in men and women?

Answer 26

Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)

Men have active form and produce it. Women produce very little

Question 27

What about women’s anatomy makes them get drunk easier?

Answer 27

They have smaller bodies and less water percentage. More water dilutes the water.

Question 28

What is the first and last things to be affected by alcohol?

Answer 28

first- judgment. Sedates inhibitory nerves

last- respiration and heart rate

Question 29

How many drinks/hour can the liver dismantle?

Answer 29

1 serving or 1/2 oz ethanol