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PS275 - Dev Psych - Infancy and Childhood > Chapter 7 - Early cognitive foundations > Flashcards

Chapter 7 - Early cognitive foundations Flashcards

1
Q

what is sensation

A

a mental process resulting from the external information experienced through the sensory organs and transmitted to the brain

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2
Q

what is perception

A

the interpretation of sensory input

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3
Q

empiricists views

A

infants must learn to interpret sensations

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4
Q

nativists views

A

basic perceptual abilities are innate

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5
Q

what is the enrichment theory (piaget)

A

cognitive schemes are needed to make sense of sensory information

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6
Q

what is the differentiation theory (gibson)

A
  • sensory information can be interpreted on its own
  • children learn to detect distinctive features
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7
Q

what is the preference method (fantz)

A
  • two stimuli presented simultaneously
  • infants attention to each measured
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8
Q

what is the habituation method

A
  • stimulus presented repeatedly until infant’s response habituates
  • discrimination ability tested by presenting second stimulus and observing response
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9
Q

what is the high-amplitude sucking method

A
  • birth to 4 months old
  • pacifier sucking controls stimulus presentation
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10
Q

what is the evoked potentials method

A
  • record of brain electrical activity
  • observe changes in activity for different stimuli
  • changes indicate ability to discriminate
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11
Q

what is magnetoencephalography (MEG)

A

a brain imaging technique that identifies when and where brain electrical activity occurs in response to stimuli

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12
Q

what is functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

A

a brain imaging technique that identifies where brain activity occurs when at rest and also when active

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13
Q

hearing in newborns

A
  • newborns can discriminate mother’s voice
  • early phoneme discrimination
  • quickly learn to recognize words and voices
  • more developed than visual ability at birth
  • can be disrupted by otitis media
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14
Q

taste and smell in newborns

A
  • newborns have taste preferences
  • react to noxious odours
  • can recognize scent of mother
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15
Q

touch, temperature, pain in newborns

A
  • therapeutic massage for premature infants
  • sensitive to temperature
  • sensitive to pain
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16
Q

vision in newborns

A
  • least mature sense in newborns
  • visual activity of 20/600
  • adult level at 12 months
  • require sharper visual contrasts
  • prefer mothers face over a female strangers face
17
Q

what type of patterns do newborns prefer to see

A
  • early preference for complex patterns
  • high contrast
18
Q

depth perception in newborns

A
  • stereopsis by 3 months of age (ability to merge images from both eyes)
  • pictorial (perspective) cues to depth by 6 to 7 months of age
  • binocular and monocular cues
  • size constancy present at birth
  • visual looming, kinetic cues
19
Q

what is intermodal perception

A

ability to use one sensory modality to identify something already familiar in another sensory modality
- ex. recognizing a golf ball by touch instead of by sight

20
Q

what are the three features of learning

A
  • individual thinks, perceives, or reacts to environment in a new way
  • change is a result of experience
  • change is relatively permanent (changes caused by tiredness/drugs doesn’t count as learning)
21
Q

what is habituation

A
  • improves over first year
  • individual differences that predict later competencies
  • faster language acquisition
  • higher intelligence and language test scores
22
Q

classical conditioning in newborns

A
  • difficult but possible for biologically programmed reflexes
  • sucking
  • takes more time
  • an important mechanism of early learning
23
Q

what is operant conditioning

A
  • the outcome of responses predict the probability of the response occurring again
  • an initial voluntary response produces a pleasant or unpleasant consequence
24
Q

positive reinforcer

A

add to situation; increases probability of recurrence

25
Q

negative reinforcer

A

remove something from situation; increases probability of recurrence

26
Q

positive punisher

A

add to situation; decreases the probability of recurrence
- adding an unpleasant consequence

27
Q

negative punisher

A

remove something from situation; decreases the probability of recurrence
- removing something pleasant

28
Q

imitation

A
  • learning from watching others’ behaviour
  • newborns imitate facial gestures
29
Q

deferred imitation

A
  • develops in second year
  • ability to imitate model at some point in future

PS275 - Dev Psych - Infancy and Childhood (8 decks)

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