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PS275 - Dev Psych - Infancy and Childhood > Chapter 6 - Physical development > Flashcards

Chapter 6 - Physical development Flashcards

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1
Q

growth rates in the first two years

A
  • rapid but uneven growth in first two years
  • birth weight doubles by 6 months and triples by one year
  • growth slows until spurt in puberty
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2
Q

what are the two types of changes in body proportions

A
  • cephalocaudal trend
  • proximodistal trend
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3
Q

what is the cephalocaudal trend

A

body grows from top to bottom

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4
Q

what is the proximodistal trend

A

when children grow upwards, they also grow outwards

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5
Q

what is the brain growth spurt

A
  • beginning of prenatal month 7 to age 2 years
  • brain weight increases dramatically
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6
Q

what are the basic units of the brain

A

neurons

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7
Q

what do neurons do

A
  • transmit chemical and electrical across synapses
  • most formed by the end of second trimester
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8
Q

what do glia do

A

serve supportive functions
- nourish cells
- facilitate transport
- manage debris and waste removal
- encase neurons in insulating sheets called myelin

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9
Q

what is synaptogenisis

A
  • neural connections proceed rapidly
  • synaptic connection formation
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10
Q

brain plasticity

A
  • the brain is shaped by experience
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11
Q

synaptic pruning

A

surviving neurons form hundreds of synapses, many of which also disappear if the neuron is not properly stimulated
- starts at birth and finishes at sexual maturity

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12
Q

myelinization

A
  • occurs at different rates
  • process of coating neurons with myelin sheath
  • proceeds rapidly over first years of life
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13
Q

when are sensory pathways to brain myelinated

A

at birth

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14
Q

when is the frontal cortex fully myelinated

A

adolescence or early adulthood

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15
Q

what is cerebral lateralization

A

involves a preference for using one side of the body
- 90% of adults are right handed; they rely on their left hemisphere

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16
Q

when does brain lateralization begin

A

in the prenatal period but strengthens over time

17
Q

what is the maturational viewpoint on motor development

A
  • unfolding of a genetically programmed series of events
  • evidence from cross-cultural findings
18
Q

what is the experiential hypothesis on motor development

A
  • opportunities to practice important
  • evidence from early orphanage experience
  • less interaction shows lack of practice slows down motor development
19
Q

dynamical systems theory of motor development

A
  • new skills are active reorganizations of existing skills
  • reorganization occurs as new, more effective ways of exploring are sought
  • environment provides motivation; maturation provides foundation
20
Q

voluntary reaching

A
  • emerges at 3 months
  • different from initial pre-reaching
21
Q

manipulatory skills

A
  • ulnar grasp (fingers against palm to grab something) emerges at 4 to 5 months
  • pincer grasp (thumb and finger to pick something up) emerges at 6 to 12 months
22
Q

implications of early motor development

A
  • cognitive and social consequences
  • facilitates language development
  • optical flow (the perceived movement of objects in the visual field as well as the perceived movements of the foreground and background in which the objects are imbedded)
23
Q

implications of later motor development

A
  • gross and fine motor improvements
  • eye hand coordination
  • no sex differences until puberty
24
Q

when does the adolescent growth spurt begin for girls

A

age 10.5
- peak rate at 12 years

25
Q

when does the adolescent growth spurt begin for boys

A

age 13
- peak rate at 14 years

26
Q

what is menarche

A

the time of a girls first menstruation

27
Q

what is spermarche

A

the onset of male sex cells

28
Q

what does thyroxine (thyroid gland) do for physical development

A

operates prenatally, promotes brain and nervous system development

29
Q

what does the pituitary gland do for physical development

A
  • directs the release of hormones
  • regulates endocrine system
  • produces growth hormone
30
Q

what are girls pubertal hormones and what do they produce

A

girls ovaries produce estrogen
- breast, uterus, vagina, pubic/underarm hair growth

31
Q

what are boys pubertal hormones and what do they produce

A

boys testes produce testosterone
- voice change, pubic/underarm hair growth, penis and prostate growth

32
Q

what is marasmus

A
  • insufficient protein and too few calories as infants
  • baby is frail, wrinkled, body tissues waste away
33
Q

what is kwashiorkor

A
  • insufficient protein but enough calories
  • As the disease progresses, the child’s hair thins, the face, legs, and abdomen swell with water, and severe skin lesions may develop.
34
Q

effects of vitamin and mineral deficiencies

A
  • affect children in developed and developing countries
  • iron deficiency anemia especially common
  • limits social interaction, slows growth rates, associated with poor performances on tests of motor skills and intellectual development
35
Q

effects of overnutrition

A

obesity
- increases risk of diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease
- plump baby not necessarily an obese adult
- childhood obesity/adolescence is a better predictor of adult obesity
- poor eating habits, inactivity
- a family problem

35
Q

what is nonorganic failure to thrive

A
  • early growth disorder
  • no obvious illness, but seem to have trouble feeding
  • caregivers tend to be cool, aloof, impatient, possibly abusive
  • treatment causes infants to withdrawal
35
Q

interventions for obesity

A

inclusion of parent and child most successful

36
Q

what is deprivation dwarfism

A
  • childhood (ages 2 - 15) growth disorder
  • despite nutrition and physical care, grow very slowly
  • linked with emotional deprivation

PS275 - Dev Psych - Infancy and Childhood (8 decks)

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