chapter 7 (communication and learning disorders) Flashcards
anticipatory-struggle theory of stuttering
a theory used to explain stuttering; children expect speaking to be anxiety-provoking and these cognitions interfere with speech production.
auditory perception
ability to accurately identify and differentiate sounds
childhood-onset fluency disorder
a DSM-5 disorder characterized by a persistent problem with the normal rate, efficiency, and timing pattern of speech; causes anxiety and/or interferes with communication.
comprehensive assessment
a method of learning disability assessment in which children are classified when they show:
1. normative deficits in academic skills
2. underlying cognitive processing problems that might explain these deficits
3. otherwise average intelligence
conversational recast training
a therapy for SLI. therapist structures the child’s environment to elicit verbal behaviour; then, the therapist prompts the child to practice the behaviour, correcting mistakes and reinforcing appropriate use
conversational repair skills
techniques used to help listeners regain an understanding of information conveyed during discourse; examples include providing additional background information or context
covert-repair hypothesis
an explanation for stuttering; children who stutter show frequent disruptions in language formulation; their stuttering occurs when they try to correct these formulations while speaking
curriculum-based assessment
a technique used in schools to measure children’s academic progress in terms of their ability to reach academic goals or benchmarks
decomposition
a technique used to solve math calculation problems in which the problem is broken into smaller steps that are more easily recalled and performed
digitally assisted reading
a technique to improve fluency by using technology; children read text on a tablet or computer as a voice models fluent reading
direct instruction
the systematic introduction, modelling, practice, and reinforcement of appropriate skills
direct retrieval
in math calculation, the immediate recall of math facts
double-deficit model
a model that indicates that children can have problems with:
1. basic word reading
2. reading fluency and comprehension
3. both
dyslexia
a term used by some clinicians to refer to deficits in basic word reading and reading fluency
expressive language
the ability to share beliefs, knowledge, and skills with others.
grammar
the rules that govern the use of morphemes and the order of words (syntax) in a sentence
guided oral reading
a technique to improve fluency in which children read aloud and teachers provide assistance and feedback eagrding mistakes
immature speech
developmentally less sophisticated speech production that might be adaptive in early childhood but hinders communication when the child is older
individuals with disabilities education improvement act (IDEIA)
a federal law that entitles children with disabilities to free, appropriate public education
language
spoken, signed, or written communication in which beliefs, knowledge, and skills are experienced, expressed, or shared; involved the manipulation and organization or auditory or visual symbols according to a system of rules that is determined by one’s culture
language disorder
a DSM-5 disorder characterized by persistent difficulties with the acquisition or use of language that include:
1. reduced vocabulary
2. limited sentence structure
3. impairments in discourse
late language emergence
a subtype of language disorder characterized by significant delays in receptive or expressive language; usually identified between 18 and 36 months
lateral sulcus
also known as the sylvain fissure; a large gurus in the left hemisphere of the brain, near important areas for language
mands
a term used by speech-language therapists to refer to requests
mediated or assisted instruction
a technique to improve math reasoning in which teachers help students comprehend math problems and offer assistance as children work through the problems themselves
milieu training
a treatment for SLI. behavioural techniques to encourage children’s use of language in real-life settings
morphology
the structure of words; usually the combination of several phonemes
narrative skills
communication skills used to tell stories or relate personal experiences; often deficient in youths with social communication disorder.
