chapter 5 (intellectual disabilities and developmental disorders) Flashcards
adaptive functioning
a person’s ability to cope with common life demands and meet the standards of independence expected of someone in their particular age group and social-cultural background.
american association on intellectual and developmental disabilities (AAIDD)
the oldest professional organization devoted to the study and assistance of individuals with ID
amniocentesis
a procedure to screen for developmental disabilities at 15 to 20 weeks of gestation; involves collecting amniotic fluid from the mother.
angelman syndrome
genetic disorder caused by missing maternal genetic material on chromosome 15; associated with moderate to severe ID, sporadic/jerky motor movements, lack of spoken language, hyperactivity, and persistent social smile.
applied behaviour analysis (ABA)
a scientific approach to identifying a child’s problematic behaviour, determining its causes, and altering environmental contingencies to change it.
behavioural phenotype
characteristic features (ex: appearance, cognitive strengths/weaknesses, comorbid disorders) associated with specific causes for ID
challenging behaviour
actions shown by some youths with ID that are physically hazardous or limit their access to educational or social opportunities
chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
technique to screen for developmental disabilities at 8 to 12 weeks of gestation; involves collecting tissue that collects the placenta to the wall of the uterus
chromosomal microarray (CMA)
a genetic test that identifies copy number variants (ex: unusual duplications or deletions) in major regions of the genome; used to identify causes of global development delay
cultural-familial intellectual disability
term used by zigler to describe children with no identifiable cause for their intellectual and adaptive disabilities; associated with IQ and adaptive functioning scores in the 50 to 70 range. no health problems, and a family history of low intellectual functioning.
diagnostic overshadowing
a term used to describe the tendency of some clinicians to overlook the presence of mental disorders in people with intellectual disabilities.
differential reinforcement
a form of positive reinforcement in which therapists reinforce only behaviours that are desired, while they ignore unwanted actions.
digeorge syndrome
a genetic disorder caused by deletions on chromosome 22 that cause immune dysfunction; associated with mild to moderate intellectual disability, cleft lip/palate, and risk for schizophrenia
down syndrome
trisomy 21; associated with moderate intellectual disability, characteristic appearance, weakness in verbal skills and language, strength in visual-spatial reasoning, and sociability.
education for all handicapped children act
federal law that mandated “free and appropriate public education” for all children with disabilities aged 3 to 18.
fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)
a disorder caused by maternal alcohol consumption during gestation; characterized by lower intellectual functioning or mild intellectual disability, learning disabilities, hyperactivity, and characteristic craniofacial anomalies.
fragile X syndrome
an inherited, X-linked disorder that adversely affects boys more than girls; characterized by mild to moderate intellectual disability, characteristic appearance, strengths in simultaneous processing, weakness in sequential processing, and social anxiety.
functional analysis
an assessment strategy in which the clinician attempts to determine the purpose of a problem behaviour by identifying antecedents that cause it or consequences that reinforce it over time.
global developmental delay (GDD)
a DSM-5 disorder, diagnosed in children younger than 5 years, and characterized by significant delays in several developmental domains (ex: motor, language, social, or daily living skills)
inclusion
a term used to describe the education of children with intellectual disabilities alongside classmates without disabilities for all subjects, usually with the support of a classroom aide
individuals with disabilities education act (IDEA)
federal legislation that extended disability rights to infants and toddlers, mandated individualized family service plan (IFSP) for young children and individualized education services (IEP) for school-age children with disabilities.
intellectual disability (ID)
a DSM-5 disorder characterized by significant limitations in both intellectual functioning and adaptive behaviour emerging in infancy or early childhood
mainstreaming
involves placing children with intellectual disabilities in regular-education classrooms to the maximum extent possible
need for support
assistance that helps an individual with intellectual disabilities function effectively in society; an important component of the AAIDD definition of intellectual disabilities.