chapter 5 (intellectual disabilities and developmental disorders) Flashcards
adaptive functioning
a person’s ability to cope with common life demands and meet the standards of independence expected of someone in their particular age group and social-cultural background.
american association on intellectual and developmental disabilities (AAIDD)
the oldest professional organization devoted to the study and assistance of individuals with ID
amniocentesis
a procedure to screen for developmental disabilities at 15 to 20 weeks of gestation; involves collecting amniotic fluid from the mother.
angelman syndrome
genetic disorder caused by missing maternal genetic material on chromosome 15; associated with moderate to severe ID, sporadic/jerky motor movements, lack of spoken language, hyperactivity, and persistent social smile.
applied behaviour analysis (ABA)
a scientific approach to identifying a child’s problematic behaviour, determining its causes, and altering environmental contingencies to change it.
behavioural phenotype
characteristic features (ex: appearance, cognitive strengths/weaknesses, comorbid disorders) associated with specific causes for ID
challenging behaviour
actions shown by some youths with ID that are physically hazardous or limit their access to educational or social opportunities
chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
technique to screen for developmental disabilities at 8 to 12 weeks of gestation; involves collecting tissue that collects the placenta to the wall of the uterus
chromosomal microarray (CMA)
a genetic test that identifies copy number variants (ex: unusual duplications or deletions) in major regions of the genome; used to identify causes of global development delay
cultural-familial intellectual disability
term used by zigler to describe children with no identifiable cause for their intellectual and adaptive disabilities; associated with IQ and adaptive functioning scores in the 50 to 70 range. no health problems, and a family history of low intellectual functioning.
diagnostic overshadowing
a term used to describe the tendency of some clinicians to overlook the presence of mental disorders in people with intellectual disabilities.
differential reinforcement
a form of positive reinforcement in which therapists reinforce only behaviours that are desired, while they ignore unwanted actions.
digeorge syndrome
a genetic disorder caused by deletions on chromosome 22 that cause immune dysfunction; associated with mild to moderate intellectual disability, cleft lip/palate, and risk for schizophrenia
down syndrome
trisomy 21; associated with moderate intellectual disability, characteristic appearance, weakness in verbal skills and language, strength in visual-spatial reasoning, and sociability.
education for all handicapped children act
federal law that mandated “free and appropriate public education” for all children with disabilities aged 3 to 18.
fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)
a disorder caused by maternal alcohol consumption during gestation; characterized by lower intellectual functioning or mild intellectual disability, learning disabilities, hyperactivity, and characteristic craniofacial anomalies.
fragile X syndrome
an inherited, X-linked disorder that adversely affects boys more than girls; characterized by mild to moderate intellectual disability, characteristic appearance, strengths in simultaneous processing, weakness in sequential processing, and social anxiety.
functional analysis
an assessment strategy in which the clinician attempts to determine the purpose of a problem behaviour by identifying antecedents that cause it or consequences that reinforce it over time.
global developmental delay (GDD)
a DSM-5 disorder, diagnosed in children younger than 5 years, and characterized by significant delays in several developmental domains (ex: motor, language, social, or daily living skills)
inclusion
a term used to describe the education of children with intellectual disabilities alongside classmates without disabilities for all subjects, usually with the support of a classroom aide
individuals with disabilities education act (IDEA)
federal legislation that extended disability rights to infants and toddlers, mandated individualized family service plan (IFSP) for young children and individualized education services (IEP) for school-age children with disabilities.
intellectual disability (ID)
a DSM-5 disorder characterized by significant limitations in both intellectual functioning and adaptive behaviour emerging in infancy or early childhood
mainstreaming
involves placing children with intellectual disabilities in regular-education classrooms to the maximum extent possible
need for support
assistance that helps an individual with intellectual disabilities function effectively in society; an important component of the AAIDD definition of intellectual disabilities.
organic intellectual disability
a term used by zigler to describe children who had identifiable causes for their intellectual and adaptive disabilities; associated with genetic disorders, very low IQ and adaptive functioning, medical complications, and no family history of intellectual disability.
overcorrection
a form of positive punishment in which the therapist requires the child to correct his problematic behaviour by restoring his surroundings to the same (or better) condition than that which existed prior to his disruptive act.
phenylketonuria (PKU)
a recessive disorder characterized by an inability to break down phenylalanine; adhering to a special diet can prevent severe intellectual disabilities, seizures, and other medical problems.
physical aggression
actions that cause, or can cause, property destruction or injury/harm to another person
planned ignoring
a form of negative punishment in which the therapist or caregiver withdraws attention from the child immediately following an unwanted behaviour.
positive practice
usually a form of positive punishment; the therapist makes the child repeatedly practice an acceptable behaviour immediately following an unacceptable act; usually paired with overcorrection.
prader-willi syndrome (PWS)
a genetic disorder caused by missing paternal genetic material on chromosome 15; associated with mild intellectual disability, weakness in short-term memory, strength in visual-spatial reasoning, hyperphagia, and obsessive-compulsive behaviour.
punishment by contingent stimulation
a form of positive punishment in which a mildly aversive stimulus is presented immediately following a behaviour problem; used only as a last resort when other interventions have failed and with parent’s permission
response cost
a form of negative reinforcement; the therapist withdraws tangible reinforcers from the child immediately following a problematic act
rett syndrome
a genetic disorder usually caused by a mutation on a portion of the X chromosome; almost always affects girls; characterized by typical development in early infancy followed by rapid deterioration in social functioning and language, severe intellectual disability, and stereotypes.
self-injurious behaviour (SIBs)
repetitive movements of the hands, limbs, or head in a manner that can, or does, cause physical harm or damage to the person.
serum screening
a blood test conducted between 15 and 18 weeks of gestation to screen for possible developmental disorders in the fetus
similar sequence hypothesis
posits that children with intellectual disability progress through the same cognitive stages as other children, albeit at a slower pace; generally supported by research.
similar structure hypothesis
posits that two children of the same mental age (one with an intellectual disability and the other without) will show similar abilities; has mixed research support
stereotypic movement disorder
a DSM-5 disorder characterized by repetitive and uncontrolled movements with no apparent purpose for a period of 4 or more weeks
stereotypies
actions performed in a consistent, rigid, and repetitive manner and that have no immediate, practical significance.
time-out from positive reinforcement
a form of negative reinforcement; the therapist limits the child’s access to positive reinforcers (ex: attention, toys) for a certain period of time, usually by placing the child in a specific setting
TORCH
an acronym that represents the main maternal illnesses that can cause intellectual disabilities in offspring: toxoplasmosis, other infections, rubella, cytomegalovirus, and herpes simplex virus type 2.
universal design
an educational practice that involves creating instructional materials and activities that allow learning goals to be achievable by children with abilities and skills.
williams syndrome (WS)
a genetic disorder caused by deletion on chromosome 7; associated with mild intellectual disability, well-developed spoken language, strengths in auditory memory, weakness in visual-spatial reasoning, hyperactivity, anxiety, and friendly/social demeanor.
