Chapter 7: Cognitive Processes and Academic Skills Flashcards
What are the 3 R’s for education?
Reading
Writing
Arithmetic
What are the 3 important skills a child must have to be a good reader?
Letter recognition - knowing the letters and how to distinguish them
Word recognition - need to know word boundaries
Comprehension
Define phonological awareness
The ability to hear distinctive sounds of letters
How to researchers measure phonological awareness
Phonemic segmentation tasks:
Phoneme deletion - manipulate sounds and delete them
Phoneme completion - children complete the word after hearing an initial sound
The ability to match sounds to their letters is known as ______
phoneme-grapheme correspondence
How can parents help children develop their phonological awareness skills?
Play games that promote sounding out letters (reading ‘events’)
Listening to different sounds of their language (increase exposure)
Completing phobic segmentation tasks
________ is when reading skills are used to translate written symbols into sounds and words (sounding out the letters)
Phonological decoding
What are the 3 approaches to teach reading? Which one is currently recommended?
- phonics - sounds
- whole-word - sight recognition
- Whole-language - labelling/emersing an individual in an environment
Phonics is the most important but the other two can be used to supplement learning
What factors contribute to reading comprehension?
- Increase in automaticity
- Increase in WM
- Increase in world knowledge
- Metacognition improves
- Improved strategies
Define numerosity
The ability to determine the quantity of small sets of items or events without counting (limited to sets of 3 or 4)
Define subitizing
The range where individuals can make rapid, accurate judgements without counting
List the 4 principles children must learn to be ‘good’ counters
- One-to-One principle
- Stable-order principle
- Cardinality principle
- Order irrelevant principle
What strategies to children used to solve arithmetic problems?
- Fingers
- Count on
- Infer what they know about related problems
- Retrieval
Performance in reading and arithmetic varies across cultures.
True or False
True
Across countries time spent at school, attitudes towards work, and attitudes about ability vs effort vary
Watching TV results in shorter attention span
True or False
False.
It depends on the nature of the show. Shows that are fantastical that have rapid scene changes can have an impact on attention but other shows are more educational and follow a longer narrative