Chapter 7: Cognitive Processes and Academic Skills Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 R’s for education?

A

Reading
Writing
Arithmetic

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2
Q

What are the 3 important skills a child must have to be a good reader?

A

Letter recognition - knowing the letters and how to distinguish them

Word recognition - need to know word boundaries

Comprehension

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3
Q

Define phonological awareness

A

The ability to hear distinctive sounds of letters

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4
Q

How to researchers measure phonological awareness

A

Phonemic segmentation tasks:

Phoneme deletion - manipulate sounds and delete them

Phoneme completion - children complete the word after hearing an initial sound

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5
Q

The ability to match sounds to their letters is known as ______

A

phoneme-grapheme correspondence

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6
Q

How can parents help children develop their phonological awareness skills?

A

Play games that promote sounding out letters (reading ‘events’)

Listening to different sounds of their language (increase exposure)

Completing phobic segmentation tasks

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7
Q

________ is when reading skills are used to translate written symbols into sounds and words (sounding out the letters)

A

Phonological decoding

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8
Q

What are the 3 approaches to teach reading? Which one is currently recommended?

A
  1. phonics - sounds
  2. whole-word - sight recognition
  3. Whole-language - labelling/emersing an individual in an environment

Phonics is the most important but the other two can be used to supplement learning

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9
Q

What factors contribute to reading comprehension?

A
  • Increase in automaticity
  • Increase in WM
  • Increase in world knowledge
  • Metacognition improves
  • Improved strategies
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10
Q

Define numerosity

A

The ability to determine the quantity of small sets of items or events without counting (limited to sets of 3 or 4)

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11
Q

Define subitizing

A

The range where individuals can make rapid, accurate judgements without counting

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12
Q

List the 4 principles children must learn to be ‘good’ counters

A
  • One-to-One principle
  • Stable-order principle
  • Cardinality principle
  • Order irrelevant principle
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13
Q

What strategies to children used to solve arithmetic problems?

A
  • Fingers
  • Count on
  • Infer what they know about related problems
  • Retrieval
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14
Q

Performance in reading and arithmetic varies across cultures.

True or False

A

True

Across countries time spent at school, attitudes towards work, and attitudes about ability vs effort vary

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15
Q

Watching TV results in shorter attention span

True or False

A

False.

It depends on the nature of the show. Shows that are fantastical that have rapid scene changes can have an impact on attention but other shows are more educational and follow a longer narrative

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16
Q

In many languages, _____ is the best predictor of a child’s success in learning to read

A

phonological awareness

17
Q

_____ instruction is an essential part of program designed to teach children to read

A

Phonics

18
Q

When young children write, they often rely upon a _____ strategy

A

knowledge-telling

19
Q

Infants can distinguish different quantities because _____

A

the perceptual system is sensitive to quantity

20
Q

By 3 years, children have mastered the _____, stable-order, cardinality principles of counting

A

one-to-one

21
Q

2 reasons why students in Asian countries often excel in math achievement are that their parents set higher standards and they parents believed that _____

A

hard work, not ability, is the key to achievement

22
Q

Watching _______ programs on television can help young children in their interactions with others

A

prosocial

23
Q

Computers can be useful in schools by providing opportunities for _____

A

experimental learning