Chapter 7: Brain Structures and Mechanisms for Speech, Language, and Hearing

Question 1

What are the four cerebral hemispheres?

Answer 1

frontal lobe
temporal lobe
parietal lobe
occipital lobe

Question 2

which lobe is the primary motor cortex located?

Answer 2

frontal lobe

Question 3

what are the boundary lines of the frontal lobe?

Answer 3

central fissure and the sylvian fissure.

Question 4

where is broca’s area?

Answer 4

the primary motor cortex within the frontal lobe.

Question 5

what are the function of the frontal lobe?

Answer 5

thinking 
judgement
behavior
movement
language

Question 6

what would be damaged if there was a lesion of the frontal lobe?

Answer 6

changes in executive function
increase in risk taking behavior
preservation
little spontaneous facial expressions

Question 7

what is the primary motor cortex made up of?

Answer 7

• contains motor neurons that send signals to execute movement.
• neurons are arranged in somatopic fashion.

Question 8

what are the functions of the premoter cortex?

Answer 8

• plans movement
• includes Broca’s area (left frontal lobe).
• significant representation for speech.

Question 9

what are the functions of the prefrontal cortex?

Answer 9

-executive function:
attention
inhibition
flexibility
working memory
problem solving

Question 10

where is the temporal lobe?

Answer 10

middle temple area

Question 11

what are the boundary lines of the temoporal lobe?

Answer 11

sylvian fissure separates temporal from frontal and parietal. lower boundary is occipital lobe.

Question 12

what are the subsystems of the temporal lobe?

Answer 12

• primary auditory cortex (heschl’s gyrus).
• planum temporale
• wernicke’s area

Question 13

what are the functions of the temporal lobe?

Answer 13

• analyze acoustic signals (frequency)
• intensity and duration of sound.
• ex. auditory analysis for speech/ language understanding.

Question 14

What would be damaged if there was a lesion to the temporal lobe?

Answer 14

-difficulty comprehending language even if speech production is essentially normal.

Question 15

what are the boundary lines of the parietal lobe?

Answer 15

it bounded by the central fissure in front, below by the sylvian fissure, and towards the back by the parietno– occipital fissure.

Question 16

what are the substructures of the parietal lobe?

Answer 16

primary somatosensory cortex
posterior parietal complex
angular gyrus
supramarginal gyrus

Question 17

what are the functions of the parietal lobe?

Answer 17

• integration of sensory information

- higher level language functions.

Question 18

what is damaged when you acquire a lesion on your parietal lobe?

Answer 18

difficulty with math concept and understanding metaphors.

Question 19

sensory neurons are arranged in a ____________ function.

Answer 19

somatopic

Question 20

Primary somatosensory _________.

Answer 20

cortex

Question 21

what is the system that responds to touch/pain stimuli from the body?

Answer 21

the primary parietal complex within the parietal lobe.

Question 22

what integrates sensory stimuli to create complex experiences.

Answer 22

Posterior parietal complex

Question 23

what is the “association” cortex associating different types of sensory stimuli to direct action plans based on that information?

Answer 23

Posterior parietal complex

Question 24

object recognition in the hand is a process carried out by what complex?

Answer 24

posterior parietal complex.

Question 25

what goes wrong if there is damage in the occipital lobe?

Answer 25

agraphia alexia distorted perception hallucinations

Question 26

what is agraphia?

Answer 26

inability to communicate in writting

Question 27

what is alexia?

Answer 27

word blindness

Question 28

what is an area involved in high- level language within the parietal lobe?

Answer 28

agular gyrus

Question 29

what are the boundary lines of the occipital lobe?

Answer 29

posterior portion of the cerebral hemispheres

Question 30

what are the substructures of the occipital lobe?

Answer 30

primary visual cortex ( divided into upper (cuneus) and lower (lingual gyrus) portions by the calcarine fissure.

Question 31

what are the functions of the occipital lobe?

Answer 31

visual processing

Question 32

what are the boundary lines of the limbic system/lobe?

Answer 32

central to the brain

Question 33

what are the substructures of the limbic system/ lobe?

Answer 33

cingulate gyrus parahippocampal gyrus hippocampus amygdaloid body

Question 34

what are the functions of the limbic system?

Answer 34

``` control: emotions motivation memory adaptive functions olfaction = smell ```

Question 35

what is damaged if there is a lesion in the limbic system?

Answer 35

amnesia | sometimes aphasia

Question 36

the cingulate gyrus parahippocampal gyrus hippocampus and amygdaloid body are apart of what system?

Answer 36

the limbic system

Question 37

where are the boundaries of the insula?

Answer 37

seen when the "lips" or opercula of the frontal, parietal and temporal lobes are pulled away.

Question 38

are there any substructures of the insula?

Answer 38

nope

Question 39

what are the functions of the insula?

Answer 39

-engaged in speech, language and swallowing functions.

Question 40

if the insula is damaged what happens?

Answer 40

expressive aphasia occurs

Question 41

what recieves info from the cortex, processes it, sends it back to the cortex via the thalamus?

Answer 41

basal ganglia

Question 42

what receives all sensory information except olfaction from the brainstem and relays it to specific cortical areas

Answer 42

thalamus

Question 43

what does the cerebellum contribute?

Answer 43

movement, coordination, balance

Question 44

what are the different parts of the brainstem?

Answer 44

midbrain ponds medulla oblongota

Question 45

what are the different parts of the spinal cord?

Answer 45

``` cervical thoracic lumbar meninges ventral and dorsal roots grey and white matter ```

Question 46

what is the meniges?

Answer 46

protective layers

Question 47

what are the different parts of the spinal cord?

Answer 47

``` cervical thoracic lumbar meninges ventral and dorsal roots dorsal root root ganglia grey and white matter ```

Question 48

what are descending projection tracts?

Answer 48

corticobulbar: motor cortex to cell groups in brainstem. corticospinal: motor cortex to cell groups in spinal cord. corticothalamic: widespread regions of the cortex to cell groups in the thalamus.

Question 49

what are ascending projection TRACTS?

Answer 49

sensory pathways (touch, pressure, vibration, pain, temp, taste, odor, light, sound)

Question 50

give an example of a projection coming from periphery.

Answer 50

hand, up to brain.

Question 51

what are the types of neurons?

Answer 51

interneurons motor sensory

Question 52

explain interneuron.

Answer 52

neuron to neuron

Question 53

explain motor neurons.

Answer 53

info from CNS towards muscles/ organs.

Question 54

explain sensory neurons.

Answer 54

info from sensory receptors towards the CNS.

Question 55

how many cranial nerves are there?

Answer 55

12

Question 56

cranial nerve V

Answer 56

(trigeminal): mixed sensory to face, tongue, teeth; motor to muscles of jaw movement, mylohyoid muscle, tenser tympani muscle, tensor veli palatine muscle.

Question 57

cranial nerve VI

Answer 57

(facial): mixed: sensory to parts of external ear, taste for anterior 2/3rds of tongue; motor to muscle of facial expression, stapedius muscle, control of salivary glands.

Question 58

cranial nerve VIII

Answer 58

(auditory/ vestibular nerve): mixed: sensory of hearing, balanced, coordination of head and body motion.

Question 59

cranial nerve IX

Answer 59

(glossopharyngeal): mixed: sensory for parts of external eardrum, upper part of pharynx, taste for posterior 1/3rd of tongue, detection of blood, gases, and pressure, motor to stylopharyngeus muscle, control of salivary glands in pharyinx.

Question 60

cranial nerve X

Answer 60

(vagus): mixed: sensory for pharynx, larynx, smooth muscles of heart and gut.

Question 61

cranial nerve XI

Answer 61

(accessory): motor: motor: to sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles.

Question 62

cranial nerve XII

Answer 62

(hypoglossal): motor: motor: to intrinsic and extrinsic muscle of tongue (except palatoglossus muscle, innervated by cranial nerve X).