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330 SPA > Chapter 7: Brain Structures and Mechanisms for Speech, Language, and Hearing > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Brain Structures and Mechanisms for Speech, Language, and Hearing Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four cerebral hemispheres?

A

frontal lobe
temporal lobe
parietal lobe
occipital lobe

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2
Q

which lobe is the primary motor cortex located?

A

frontal lobe

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3
Q

what are the boundary lines of the frontal lobe?

A

central fissure and the sylvian fissure.

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4
Q

where is broca’s area?

A

the primary motor cortex within the frontal lobe.

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5
Q

what are the function of the frontal lobe?

A 
thinking 
judgement
behavior
movement
language
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6
Q

what would be damaged if there was a lesion of the frontal lobe?

A

changes in executive function
increase in risk taking behavior
preservation
little spontaneous facial expressions

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7
Q

what is the primary motor cortex made up of?

A
  • contains motor neurons that send signals to execute movement.
  • neurons are arranged in somatopic fashion.
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8
Q

what are the functions of the premoter cortex?

A
  • plans movement
  • includes Broca’s area (left frontal lobe).
  • significant representation for speech.
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9
Q

what are the functions of the prefrontal cortex?

A 
-executive function:
attention
inhibition
flexibility
working memory
problem solving
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10
Q

where is the temporal lobe?

A

middle temple area

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11
Q

what are the boundary lines of the temoporal lobe?

A

sylvian fissure separates temporal from frontal and parietal. lower boundary is occipital lobe.

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12
Q

what are the subsystems of the temporal lobe?

A
  • primary auditory cortex (heschl’s gyrus).
  • planum temporale
  • wernicke’s area
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13
Q

what are the functions of the temporal lobe?

A
  • analyze acoustic signals (frequency)
  • intensity and duration of sound.
  • ex. auditory analysis for speech/ language understanding.
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14
Q

What would be damaged if there was a lesion to the temporal lobe?

A

-difficulty comprehending language even if speech production is essentially normal.

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15
Q

what are the boundary lines of the parietal lobe?

A

it bounded by the central fissure in front, below by the sylvian fissure, and towards the back by the parietno– occipital fissure.

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16
Q

what are the substructures of the parietal lobe?

A

primary somatosensory cortex
posterior parietal complex
angular gyrus
supramarginal gyrus

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17
Q

what are the functions of the parietal lobe?

A
  • integration of sensory information

- higher level language functions.

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18
Q

what is damaged when you acquire a lesion on your parietal lobe?

A

difficulty with math concept and understanding metaphors.

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19
Q

sensory neurons are arranged in a ____________ function.

A

somatopic

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20
Q

Primary somatosensory _________.

A

cortex

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21
Q

what is the system that responds to touch/pain stimuli from the body?

A

the primary parietal complex within the parietal lobe.

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22
Q

what integrates sensory stimuli to create complex experiences.

A

Posterior parietal complex

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23
Q

what is the “association” cortex associating different types of sensory stimuli to direct action plans based on that information?

A

Posterior parietal complex

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24
Q

object recognition in the hand is a process carried out by what complex?

A

posterior parietal complex.

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25
Q

what goes wrong if there is damage in the occipital lobe?

A

agraphia
alexia
distorted perception
hallucinations

26
Q

what is agraphia?

A

inability to communicate in writting

27
Q

what is alexia?

A

word blindness

28
Q

what is an area involved in high- level language within the parietal lobe?

A

agular gyrus

29
Q

what are the boundary lines of the occipital lobe?

A

posterior portion of the cerebral hemispheres

30
Q

what are the substructures of the occipital lobe?

A

primary visual cortex ( divided into upper (cuneus) and lower (lingual gyrus) portions by the calcarine fissure.

31
Q

what are the functions of the occipital lobe?

A

visual processing

32
Q

what are the boundary lines of the limbic system/lobe?

A

central to the brain

33
Q

what are the substructures of the limbic system/ lobe?

A

cingulate gyrus
parahippocampal gyrus
hippocampus
amygdaloid body

34
Q

what are the functions of the limbic system?

A 
control:
emotions
motivation
memory
adaptive functions
olfaction = smell
35
Q

what is damaged if there is a lesion in the limbic system?

A

amnesia

sometimes aphasia

36
Q

the cingulate gyrus
parahippocampal gyrus
hippocampus
and amygdaloid body are apart of what system?

A

the limbic system

37
Q

where are the boundaries of the insula?

A

seen when the “lips” or opercula of the frontal, parietal and temporal lobes are pulled away.

38
Q

are there any substructures of the insula?

A

nope

39
Q

what are the functions of the insula?

A

-engaged in speech, language and swallowing functions.

40
Q

if the insula is damaged what happens?

A

expressive aphasia occurs

41
Q

what recieves info from the cortex, processes it, sends it back to the cortex via the thalamus?

A

basal ganglia

42
Q

what receives all sensory information except olfaction from the brainstem and relays it to specific cortical areas

A

thalamus

43
Q

what does the cerebellum contribute?

A

movement, coordination, balance

44
Q

what are the different parts of the brainstem?

A

midbrain
ponds
medulla
oblongota

45
Q

what are the different parts of the spinal cord?

A 
cervical
thoracic
lumbar
meninges
ventral and dorsal roots
grey and white matter
46
Q

what is the meniges?

A

protective layers

47
Q

what are the different parts of the spinal cord?

A 
cervical
thoracic
lumbar
meninges
ventral and dorsal roots
dorsal root root ganglia
grey and white matter
48
Q

what are descending projection tracts?

A

corticobulbar: motor cortex to cell groups in brainstem.
corticospinal: motor cortex to cell groups in spinal cord.
corticothalamic: widespread regions of the cortex to cell groups in the thalamus.

49
Q

what are ascending projection TRACTS?

A

sensory pathways (touch, pressure, vibration, pain, temp, taste, odor, light, sound)

50
Q

give an example of a projection coming from periphery.

A

hand, up to brain.

51
Q

what are the types of neurons?

A

interneurons
motor
sensory

52
Q

explain interneuron.

A

neuron to neuron

53
Q

explain motor neurons.

A

info from CNS towards muscles/ organs.

54
Q

explain sensory neurons.

A

info from sensory receptors towards the CNS.

55
Q

how many cranial nerves are there?

A

12

56
Q

cranial nerve V

A

(trigeminal): mixed sensory to face, tongue, teeth; motor to muscles of jaw movement, mylohyoid muscle, tenser tympani muscle, tensor veli palatine muscle.

57
Q

cranial nerve VI

A

(facial): mixed: sensory to parts of external ear, taste for anterior 2/3rds of tongue; motor to muscle of facial expression, stapedius muscle, control of salivary glands.

58
Q

cranial nerve VIII

A

(auditory/ vestibular nerve): mixed: sensory of hearing, balanced, coordination of head and body motion.

59
Q

cranial nerve IX

A

(glossopharyngeal): mixed: sensory for parts of external eardrum, upper part of pharynx, taste for posterior 1/3rd of tongue, detection of blood, gases, and pressure, motor to stylopharyngeus muscle, control of salivary glands in pharyinx.

60
Q

cranial nerve X

A

(vagus): mixed: sensory for pharynx, larynx, smooth muscles of heart and gut.

61
Q

cranial nerve XI

A

(accessory): motor: motor: to sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles.

62
Q

cranial nerve XII

A

(hypoglossal): motor: motor: to intrinsic and extrinsic muscle of tongue (except palatoglossus muscle, innervated by cranial nerve X).

330 SPA (2 decks)

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