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Clinical Neuroanatomy > Chapter 7 - Brain Stem and Cerebellum > Flashcards

Chapter 7 - Brain Stem and Cerebellum Flashcards

1
Q

The three main external divisions of the brain stem

A
  • medulla oblongata
  • pons
  • midbrain (mesencephalon)
  • some include the cerebellum
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2
Q

The medulla and the pons are located _____ to the cerebellum

A

ventrally/anteriorly

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3
Q

The cerebellum is located _____ to the brainstem

A

dorsally/posteriorly

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4
Q

The cerebellum plays a major role in _______

A

motor coordination

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5
Q

The brain stem houses …

A

essential ascending and descending tracts and nuclei critical for the maintenance of life

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6
Q

The internal longitudinal divisions of the brain stem

A
  • tectum
  • tegmentum
  • basis of pons
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7
Q

The tectum lies _____ to the midbrain and is separated by _____

A
  • dorsal

- ventricular space filled with CSF

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8
Q

The tegmentum is the …

A

dorsal aspect of the brain stem itself

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9
Q

The basis of pons is the …

A

ventral bulge of the pons

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10
Q

The three cerebellar peduncles

A
  • inferior
  • middle
  • superior
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11
Q

The cerebellar peduncles are …

A
  • each peduncle is a stalk-like bundle of axons
  • white matter pathways (tracts) connecting the brain stem and the cerebellum
  • bilateral
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12
Q

The dorsal aspect of the midbrain has four hillocks (mounds) called the ____

A

quadrigeminal bodies

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13
Q

The quadrigeminal bodies are made up of ______ and _______

A
  • two superior colliculi

- two inferior colliculi

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14
Q

The superior colliculi …

A

coordinate eye movements

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15
Q

The inferior colliculi …

A

deal with auditory reflex and bilateral sound localization (recognizing where a sound is coming from)

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16
Q

The internal structural components of the brain stem are …

A
  • descending and ascending tracts
  • cranial nerve nuclei
  • reticular formation
  • monoaminergic neuron pools (nuclei) and their output pathways
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17
Q

The descending and ascending tracts in the brain stem …

A

either terminate in or pass through the brain stem (relay station and/or conduit for pathways)

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18
Q

The cell bodies of most cranial nerves (cranial nerve nuclei) lie …

A

in the brain stem

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19
Q

The reticular formation is a ______. It is involved in …

A
  • dense cluster of nuclei in the brain stem and tegmentum
  • respiration, consciousness/unconsciousness, cardiovascular function/regulation, sleep, alertness (e.g. heartbeat, heart rate, blood pressure, etc.)
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20
Q

The monoaminergic neuron pools (nuclei) in the brain stem are …

A
  • raphe nucleus
  • locus ceruleus
  • substantia nigra
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21
Q

The raphe nucleus is made up of _____ and is involved in _____. It projects to _____.

A
  • serotonin neurons (indolamine neurons)
  • wellness, sleep, appetite, pain control, etc.
  • the cortex, hippocampus, basal ganglia, thalamus, cerebellum, spinal cord
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22
Q

The locus ceruleus is made up of _____ and is involved in _____.

A
  • norepinephrine neurons (catecholamine neurons)

- fight or flight activation, alertness, etc.

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23
Q

The substantia nigra is made up of _____ and is involved in _____. The neurons project axons via the _____ to the _____. It plays a role (modulates) in _____ behavior.

A
  • dopamine neurons (catecholamine neurons)
  • modulating motor movement, motor tone, giving/reinforcing reward, etc.
  • median forebrain bundle (MFB)
  • striatum
  • extrapyramidal motor
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24
Q

The motor tracts decussate in the _____, meaning that the left side of the brain controls the _____ side of the body, and vice versa.

A
  • medulla

- right

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25
Q

The ascending tracts in the medulla

A
  • fasciculus gracilus
  • fasciculus cuneatus
  • spinotectal
  • spinocerebellar
  • spinothalamic
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26
Q

The descending tracts in the medulla

A
  • corticospinal
  • rubrospinal
  • olivospinal
  • vestibulospinal
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27
Q

The internal structural components of the medulla are …

A
  • descending and ascending tracts
  • cranial nerve nuclei
  • inferior cerebellar peduncle
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28
Q

The cranial nerve nuclei in the medulla

A
  • hypoglossal (XII) nerve nucleus
  • motor nucleus of the vagus (X) nerve
  • 4 vestibular and 2 cochlear (VIII) nuclei
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29
Q

The hypoglossal (XII) nerve nucleus …

A

innervates tongue muscles

30
Q

The motor nucleus of the vagus (X) nerve …

A

controls tone of heart, lungs, viscera

31
Q

The 4 vestibular and 2 cochlear (VIII) nuclei …

A

deal with auditory and vestibular function

32
Q

Why is brain stem damage so detrimental?

A

So many neurons with different functions are so close together, so damage to the brain stem will most likely affect many processes

33
Q

Where are the cranial nerve nuclei in the medulla located?

A

dorsal part of the medulla

34
Q

Where do the cell bodies of the pyramidal neurons live?

A

motor cortex

35
Q

What is the anatomy of the nerve nuclei in the medulla?

A

since the medulla (and the brain stem generally) is a thinner and longer structure, the larger cellular groups are thinner and longer to allow for more space

36
Q

nuclei versus ganglia

A
  • nuclei are made up of the same type of cells with one function
  • ganglia are made up of different cells with different functions
37
Q

The inferior cerebellar peduncle is known as the ____ pathway for the cerebellum.

38
Q

The inferior cerebellar peduncle contains _____ fibers _____ the cerebellum.

A
  • afferent (going towards)

- to

39
Q

The internal structural components of the pons are …

A
  • basis pontis
  • pontine tegmentum
  • middle cerebellar peduncle
40
Q

The internal structural components of the basis pontis are …

A
  • corticopontine and corticospinal tracts
  • pontine nuclei
  • raphe nucleus
41
Q

The internal structural components of the pontine tegmentum are …

A
  • cranial nerve nuclei
  • – trigeminal (V)
  • – abducens (VI)
  • – facial (VII)
  • – gustatory and salvatory (IX) (glossopharyngeal)
42
Q

The middle cerebellar peduncle contains _____ fibers from _____ to the cerebellum.

A
  • afferent

- basis pontis

43
Q

The middle cerebellar peduncle is known as the major _____ pathway for the cerebellum.

44
Q

The middle cerebellar peduncle is the _____ peduncle.

45
Q

The midbrain (mesencephalon) is known as the …

A

transition and fiber conduit to the cerebrum containing several cranial nerve nuclei

45
Q

The internal structural components of the midbrain are …

A
  • basis of the midbrain
  • midbrain tegmentum
  • tectum
  • periaqueductal gray
  • superior cerebellar peduncle
46
Q

The internal structural components of the basis of the midbrain are …

A
  • crus cerebri

- substantia nigra

47
Q

The crus cerebri is …

A

massive fiber bundle that contains corticospinal, corticobulbar, and corticopontine pathways

48
Q

The internal structural components of the midbrain tegmentum are _____. It is made up mostly of _____.

A
  • ascending and descending tracts
  • red nucleus
  • oculomotor (III) and trochlear (IV) nerve nuclei
  • locus coeruleus
  • cell bodies
49
Q

The ascending and descending tracts in the midbrain tegmentum include …

A
  • medial lemnisus
  • median forebrain bundle (MFB)
  • corticospinal tracts
50
Q

The role of the red nucleus in the midbrain tegmentum is …

A

it gets motor coordination information from the cerebellum and sends it to the thalamus

51
Q

The locus coeruleus in the midbrain tegmentum is the …

A
  • interface between the midbrain and the pontine tegmentum
  • it is the home of norepinephrine neurons that project via the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) to the cortex, hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, cerebellum, and spinal cord
  • it is involved in activational-arousal state
52
Q

The tectum in the midbrain contains _____. It is considered to be the _____ of the midbrain.

A
  • the superior and inferior colliculi

- roof

53
Q

The periaqueductal gray in the midbrain is made up of _____. It is home to the _____ in the brain and has a few _____.

A
  • neuronal populations and fibers surrounding the cerebral aqueduct
  • endorphin-receptive neurons
  • descending autonomic tracts
54
Q

The superior cerebellar peduncle in the midbrain has ____ fibers ____ the cerebellum to ____. It also includes ____.

A
  • efferent
  • from
  • motor control areas
  • ventral spinocerebellar tracts
55
Q

The extrapyramidal motor system is made up of the _____ and ______.

A
  • basal ganglia

- cerebellum

56
Q

The cerebellum exerts a ________ over the activity of the ________.

A
  • precise and coordinated influence

- extrapyramidal motor system

57
Q

The cerebellum is located ______ to the pons and 4th ventricle.

58
Q

The pyramidal motor is system has ______ output.

A

gross motor (vectoring)

59
Q

The extrapyramidal motor system has _____ output.

A

fine and precise motor

60
Q

The cerebellum is comprised of ____ .

A
  • three cerebellar cortices
  • underlying cerebellar white matter
  • deep cerebellar nuclei
61
Q

The three cerebellar cortices are …

A
  • spinocerebellum
  • corticocerebellum
  • vestibulocerebellum
62
Q

The deep cerebellar nuclei are …

A
  • fastigial nucleus
  • globose nucleus
  • emboliform nucleus
  • dentate nucleus
63
Q

The spinocerebellum is also known as the _____. It is the _____ of the cerebellum. Its role is _____. It has a lot of connections with the _____.

A
  • paleocerebellum
  • anterior portions
  • stereotyped movements and motor execution (starting the behavior)
  • spinal cord
64
Q

The corticocerebellum is also known as the _____. It _____ in the cerebellum. Its role is _____. It has a lot of connections with the _____.

A
  • neocerebellum
  • surrounds the spinocerebellum laterally and dorsally
  • motor planning and coordination
  • cortex
65
Q

The vestibulocerebellum is also known as the _____. It is located _____ of the cerebellum. Its role is _____. It is very _____ in size.

A
  • archicerebellum (oldest)
  • the most caudally in the flocculonodular lobe
  • balance and eye movements
  • small
66
Q

The functions of the cerebellum are …

A
  • coordinating skilled voluntary movements

- controlling equilibrium and muscle tone

67
Q

The somatotropic organization of the cerebellum (as the cortex) is …

A
  • the vermis tends to control the coordination/muscle tone of the trunk area of the body
  • each cerebellar hemisphere controls motor coordination and muscle tone on the same side of the body (ipsilateral)
68
Q

The deep cerebellar nuclei are the major ____ output _____ the cerebellum. They project …

A
  • efferent
  • from
  • efferent fibers out of the cerebellum via the superior cerebellar peduncle to the red nucleus and thalamus, and then to the motor cortex
69
Q

The projection routes of the cerebellar peduncles

A
  • superior peduncle is a major output pathway for the cerebellum; it routes through the midbrain (efferent fibers from the cerebellum to motor control areas)
  • middle peduncle is a major input pathway for the cerebellum; it routes through the pons (afferent fibers from the basis pontis to the cerebellum)
  • inferior peduncle is an input pathway for the cerebellum; it routes through the medulla (afferent fibers from the medulla to the cerebellum)

Clinical Neuroanatomy (11 decks)

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