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Clinical Neuroanatomy > Chapter 1 - General Plan of the Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - General Plan of the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Nervous system divided based on anatomy/structure

A
  • central nervous system (CNS) – brain and spinal cord

- peripheral nervous system (PNS) – cranial and spinal nerves

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2
Q

Nervous system divided based on physiology/function

A
  • somatic nervous system – controls body structures (voluntary)
  • autonomic nervous system – controls smooth muscles, glands, blood vessels (involuntary)
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3
Q

Spinal cord

A

connects brain and PNS

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4
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

controls voluntary muscles and transmits sensory information to the CNS

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5
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A
  • controls involuntary body functions
  • made up of sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system (which are constantly competing to control arousal state)
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6
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

arouses body to expend energy

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7
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

calms body to conserve and maintain energy

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8
Q

Ventral, anterior

A

on the front (belly) side

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9
Q

Dorsal, posterior

A

on the back side

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10
Q

Superior

A

on the top (skull) side

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11
Q

Inferior

A

on the lower side

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12
Q

Caudal

A

in the lowermost position (at the tail end)

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13
Q

Rostral

A

on the forward side (at the nose end)

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14
Q

Medial

A

close to or toward the middle

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15
Q

Median

A

in the middle, the midplane (midsagittal)

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16
Q

Lateral

A

toward the side (away from the middle)

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17
Q

Sagittal plane

A
  • vertical line which divides the brain into a left section and a right section
  • mid-sagittal is when brain is split right down the middle
  • does not show bilateral symmetry
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18
Q

Coronal plane

A
  • vertical line which divides the brain into a front (anterior) section and a back (posterior) section
  • shows bilateral symmetry
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19
Q

Transverse/horizontal plane

A
  • horizontal line which divides the body into an upper (superior) section and a lower (inferior) section
  • horizontal plane is used for brain and transverse plane is used for spinal cord
  • shows bilateral symmetry
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20
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A
  • comprised of the brain (encephalon) and spinal cord
  • brain has a tiered structure – 3 main subdivisions of the brain
  • – cerebrum (forebrain) – most rostral
  • – cerebellum
  • – brain stem – most caudal
  • each subdivision is further divided into discrete regions
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21
Q

Cerebrum

A
  • most phylogenically advanced
  • responsible for complex functions (cognition)
  • comprised of telencephalon and diencephalon
22
Q

Telencephalon

A
  • comprised of:
  • – cerebral cortex gray matter (neuron cell bodies)
  • – subcortical white matter (myelinated axons going to and from cortex) (this includes corpus callosum)
  • – commissures
  • – basal ganglia (subcortical gray matter)
23
Q

Diencephalon

A
  • comprised of:
  • – thalamus
  • – hypothalamus
  • – epithalamus
  • – subthalamus
24
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • collections of gray matter and white matter tracts (2 lateral lobes joined by the vermis)
  • comprised of cerebellar cortex and deep cerebellar nuclei
25
Q

Brain stem

A
  • collections of gray matter and white matter tracts

- comprised of midbrain (mesencephalon), pons, and medulla oblongata

26
Q

Ventricles

A

hollow spaces within the brain and spinal cord filled by cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)

27
Q

Spinal cord - neuronal somata (cell bodies) and tracts

A
  • neuron cell bodies lie in the center of the spinal cord in an area called the Central Gray (gray matter)
  • connections (or pathways) between neurons in CNS exist as fiber bundles or tracts (white matter)
  • – aggregates of tracts in the spinal cord are called columns
28
Q

Gray matter

A

contains neuronal and glial cell bodies, axons, dendrites, and synapses

29
Q

White matter

A

contains myelinated axons and associated glial cells

30
Q

Tracts and commissures in brain and spinal cord

A
  • connections/pathways between neurons in CNS exist as fiber bundles or tracts called fasciculi
  • – aggregates of fasciculi in the spinal cord are called columns
  • – vertical pathways may remain on the same side (ipsilateral) or cross (decussate) to the opposite side (contralateral)
31
Q

Ipsilateral

A

on the same side

32
Q

Contralateral

A

on the opposite side

33
Q

Bilateral

A

on both sides

34
Q

Symmetry of the Nervous System

A
  • nervous system is bilaterally symmetrical
  • – organized into left and right hemispheres
  • – some functions are unilaterally strong (e.g. language in the left hemisphere)
35
Q

Functional maps exist within the brain

A
  • at many levels, the brain maps the outside world
  • – e.g. sensory and motor homunculous (sensory and motor neural representation of the body surface)
  • – topographically faithful map
  • —– body relationships preserved
  • —– size of part reflects disproportional sensitivity
36
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A
  • spinal nerves, cranial nerves, and ganglia (collections of cell bodies) outside of the CNS
  • PNS nerve fibers conduct information to (afferent) or from (efferent) the CNS
  • peripheral nerves connect to spinal cord by dorsal (sensory) and ventral (motor) roots
37
Q

Spinal nerves branch off from the spinal cord

A

each nerve is split into dorsal and ventral nerve roots

38
Q

Dorsal roots

A

sensory

39
Q

Ventral roots

A

motor

40
Q

D.S.A.

A

dorsal sensory afferent

41
Q

V.M.E.

A

ventral motor efferent

42
Q

Afferent

A

to

43
Q

Efferent

A

from

44
Q

Longitudinal axes of CNS

A
  • longitudinal axis of brain stem and spinal cord

- longitudinal axis of forebrain

45
Q

Ventral side of brain

A

underside of brain

46
Q

Dorsal side of brain

A

overside of brain

47
Q

Ventral side of spinal cord

A

side towards nose

48
Q

Dorsal side of spinal cord

A

side towards back of head

49
Q

Rostral end of spinal cord

A

end towards brainstem

50
Q

Caudal end of spinal cord

A

end towards bottom of the spinal cord

51
Q

ependymal cells

A
  • produce and absorb CSF

Clinical Neuroanatomy (11 decks)

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