Chapter 7- Behavioural and Social Cognitive Approaches to Teaching and Learning Flashcards
What is Behaviourism?
Behaviour is explained by observable experiences, not by mental processes (non-observable thoughts, feelings and motives)
What are Behavioural views?
emphasize associative learning (learning that two event are connected)
What is Classical Conditioning?
a type of learning in which an organism learns to connect or associate stimuli.
A neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response.
Classical Conditioning & the classroom
Classical conditioning can underlie students’ positive and negative experiences in the classroom. Overtime, many items and events can come to generate either pleasant or unpleasant feelings. Ex. a song could be neutral for students until they decide to join other classmates in its singing, thus evoking positive feelings,
Similarity, students can acquire a number of unpleasant feelings with school experiences, Ex: students can develop fear of the classroom if they associate the classroom with children
Mechanisms of Classical Conditioning: What is Generalization?
the tendency of a new stimulus similar to the original conditioned stimulus to produce a similar response.
Mechanisms of Classical Conditioning: What is Discrimination?
the organism responds to certain stimuli but not others
Mechanisms of Classical Conditioning: What is extinction?
the weakening of the conditioned response (CS) in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus (US)
What is Systematic Desensitization in Classical Conditioning?
reduces anxiety by getting the individual to associate deep relaxation with successive visualizations of increasingly anxiety-producing situations.
What is operant conditioning?
consequences of behaviour produce changes in the probability that the behaviour will occur in the future
What is Thorndike’s Law of Effect? (Positive)
Behaviour -> Positive Outcome -> Behaviour Strengthened
What is Thorndike’s Law of Effect? (Negative)
Behaviour -> Negative Outcome -> Behaviour weakened.
Skinner’s Operant Condition: Consequences
(rewards and punishments) are contingent on the organism’s behaviour
Skinner’s Operant Condition: Reinforcement
(reward) increases the probability that a behaviour will occur
Skinner’s Operant Condition: Punishment
decreases the probability that behaviour will occur
Mechanisms of Operant Conditioning: Positive Reinforcement
the frequency of a response increases because it is followed by a stimulus
Mechanisms of Operant Conditioning: Negative Reinforcement
the frequency of a response increases because the response either removes a stimulus or involves avoiding a stimulus
Mechanisms of Operant Conditioning: Positive Punishment
The administration of an unwelcome consequence (i.e., AFTER the behaviour occurs)
Mechanisms of Operant Conditioning: Negative Punishment
the removal of a valued item (i.e., AFTER the behaviour occurs
Operant Conditioning: Generalization
means giving the same response to similar stimuli
Operant Conditioning: Discrimination
involves differentiating among stimuli or environmental events
Operant Conditioning: Extinction
occurs when a previously reinforced response is no longer reinforced and the response decreases
What is the Applied Behaviour Analysis?
specific and comprehensive use of principles of operant conditioning to develop the abilities and self-direction skills of learners. 3 uses for education: increasing desirable behaviour, using prompts and shaping, & decreasing undesirable behaviour
Applied Behaviour Analysis: Increasing Desired Behaviours
- Choose effective reinforcers- Premack
- Make reinforcement contingent &timely
- use the best schedule of reinforcement
- consider contracting
- use negative reinforcement effectively
Applied Behaviour Analysis: Prompts
added stimuli that are given just before the likelihood that the behaviour will occur
- gets behaviour going
- once desired behaviour is consistent, remove prompts
Applied Behaviour Analysis: Shaping
involves teaching new behaviours by reinforcing successive approximations of the desired behaviour
- reward any response
- reward responses that resemble the desired behaviour
- reward only target behaviour
What are the steps to decrease undesirable behaviours?
- use differential reinforcement
- terminate reinforcement (extinction)
- remove desirable stimuli (time-out and response-cost)
- present aversive stimuli (punishment)
Evaluating Operant Conditioning & Applied Behaviour Analysis
- too much emphasis on external control of students’ behaviour
- potential ethical problems when operant conditioning is used inappropriately
- good behaviour should not be negotiable
- families could play a more significant role
- when a teacher spends a lot of time using applied behaviour analysis, they might focus too much on student conduct and not enough on academic learning
What is the Social Cognitive Theory?
social and cognitive factors, as well as behaviour, play important roles in learning
What is Bandura’s Contemporary Model of Observational Learning?
Specific processes involved in observational learning:
- attention
- retention
- motor reproduction
- reinforcement or incentive conditions
Teaching Strategies involving observational learning
-remember that you are a model for your students
-demonstrate and teach new behaviours
-use peers as models when appropriate
-use mentors as models
-be aware of media models
as violence prevention strategy, make students aware of violence in the media
Diversity and Education
- Teachers who are cultural and educational role models can play an important part in encouraging children to stay in school
- Education programs have been established across Canada to provide Aboriginal students with cultural role models and links to philosophy and traditions
1. saskatchewan’s aboriginal elder/outreach program
2. dene kede program in the northwest territories
What is Cognitive Behaviour Modification?
emphasis is on getting students to monitor, manage, and regulate their own behaviour rather than let it be controlled by external factors
What are Self-Instructional methods?
cognitive behaviour techniques aimed at teaching individuals to modify their own behaviour
What is Self- Regulatory Learning?
the self-generation and self-monitoring of thought, feelings, and behaviours in order to reach a goal
Characteristic’s of self-regulated learners:
- set goals for extending their knowledge and sustaining their motivation
- are aware of their emotional makeup and have strategies for managing their emotions
- understand classroom expectations and routines
- take responsibility for their own learning
- monitor their progress towards a goal
- fine-tune or revise their strategies based on their progress
- take pride in their efforts
- evaluate obstacles and make necessary adaptations
