Chapter 11- Motivating Students to Learn Flashcards
What is Motivation?
The drive to satisfy a need and the reason why people behave the way they do. Motivated behavior is energize, directed, and sustained
Perspectives on Motivation- 1. The Behavioral Perspective
- emphasize external rewards and punishments as keys in motivation
- incentives: positive or negative stimuli
Perspective on Motivation- 2. The Humanistic Perspective
- stresses students’ capacity for personal growth, freedom to choose their destiny, and positive qualities
- self-transcendence
Perspective on Motivation -3. The cognitive perspective
- students’ thoughts guide motivation
- competence motivation: people are motivated to deal effectively with their world, to master their world, and to process information efficiently.
Maslow- Physiological Level
Breathing, food, water, sex, sleep, homeostasis, excretion (Bottom level)
Maslow- Safety Level
security of body, of employment, of resources, of morality, of the family, of health, of property (2nd bottom)
Maslow - Love and Belonging Level
Friendship, family, sexual intimacy (Middle level)
Maslow-Esteem Level
self-esteem, confidence, achievement, respect of others, respect by others
(2nd highest)
Maslow- Self Actualization
morality, creativity, spontaneity, problem solving, lack or prejudice, acceptance of facts (top of pyramid)
Students with Extrinsic Motivation
- do something to obtain something else
- are influenced by rewards and punishments
Students with Intrinsic Motivation
- demonstrate self determination by doing something for its own sake
- increase in motivation when they are given some personal choice
What is Self-Determination and Personal Choice
events that foster a sense of self determination or competence enhance (or at least maintain) intrinsic motivation
To promote self-determination in your classroom
- explain students the importance of learning activities
- be attentive to students’ feelings
- allow students to make personal choices
- allow them to divide into self- selected groups
- create learning centres where they can work individually or collaboratively
What is Optimal Experience and Flow?
Flow is the feeling we get when engaged in activities that provide us with both a sense of meaning and a degree of happiness
Achievement Motivation: Applying Positive Psychology to Education
Provides a counterbalance to psychology’s emphasis on human “deficits”- and emphasizes at identifying and enhancing human strengths and virtue
Achievement Motivation: Effects of Rewards
a topic of lively debate. May help but can also lead to perceptions that student behavior was caused by external rewards and not by their own motivation. Have found that rewards seem to increase mastery rather than causing behavior in the first place
Achievement Motivation: Development Changes
motivation decreases through elementary school with the biggest drop between grades 6-7
What is the Attribution Theory?
In their effort to make sense of their own behaviour or performance, individuals are motivated to discover its underlying causes
Attribution Theory : What is Locus?
Students who perceive their success as being due to internal factors (i.e., effort) are more likely to have higher self-esteem
Attribution Theory: What is Stability?
if a student attributes positive outcome to a stable cause, there is an expectation of future success.
Attribution Theory: What is Controllability?
Failures due to external factors causes anger. Failure due to internal factors may cause guilt
Achievement Orientation: What is Mastery Orientation?
students focus on the task, not their ability, have positive affect, and generate solution oriented strategies that improve performance
Achievement Orientation: What is Helpless Orientation?
students focus on their personal inadequacies, attributing difficulty to lack of ability, and have negative affect
Achievement Orientation: What is Performance Orientation?
Students are more concerned with outcomes than processes.
What is Self-Efficacy?
The believe that one can master a situation and produce positive outcomes
Students with self efficacy
- set higher goals and persevere to attain them
- invest more effort/persist in difficult tasks longer
- recover more quickly from setbacks
School that promote self-efficacy
- have higher expectations and standards for achievement
- have teachers and principals who work together to improve instruction
Teaching strategies for improving students self-efficacy
- teach goal setting
- teach relevant strategies
- monitor students’ affect
- provide appropriate mentors and models
What is Self-Regulatory Learning?
Self-generation of thoughts and feelings and behaviours to reach a goal
Self-Regulatory: What are the three important concepts?
-goals
-planning
-self-monitoring
also important to consider- anxiety, instructional strategies, and student motivation (384)
What are Social Motives?
are needs and desires that are learned through experiences with the social world -> the need for affiliation
Motivation to Achieve: Parents
They should provide the right amount of challenge in a positive environment and model achievement behaviour
Motivation to Achieve: Peers
with high achievement standards will support student achievement in others
Motivation to Achieve: Teachers
optimize achievement when they provide challenging tasks in a supportive environment
What are the issues with culture and socio-economic status?
- quality of schooling for socioeconomically impoverished students
- concerns about valuing cultural diversity
- teasing apart the influences of socioeconomic status and ethnicity to
- students from some ethnically diverse backgrounds are more likely to emphasize “effort” than “luck”
Gender: Females
- have higher competence beliefs, English, reading, and social activities
- high expectations for success in language courses and careers that require math and science ability
Gender: Males
- have higher competence - believes in math and sports
- high expectations for success in math courses and careers that require math and science ability
Teaching Strategies for Motivating Students
- create an atmosphere that promotes learning
- help students achieve expectation’s
- encourage students’ intrinsic motivation
- help students establish goals
- use technology effectively
- be a model
Motivating Discouraged Students: Low Achievers with Low expectations
provide constant reassurance as long as students demonstrates effort
Motivating Discouraged Students: Failure Syndrome
increase self-efficacy retraining and attribution retraining
Motivating Discouraged Students: Protection of Self Worth by Avoiding Failure
includes non performance, procrastination, and inappropriate goal setting
How can we Motivate Uninterested Students?
- develop positive student-teacher relationships
- show patience, but maintain expectations
- keep students’ interests in mind
- teach strategies to make academic more enjoyable
- consider enlisting mentors whom the students respect
