Chapter 7: Basics of Chemistry Flashcards
What has physical properties that we can see, smell, taste, and touch?
Matter
What causes oxidation?
Addition of oxygen or the loss of hydrogen
What is an ion?
Atom or molecule that carries an electrical charge
What is an atom with a positive charge?
Cation
What is an ion with a negative charge?
Anion
What does the term miscible mean?
Capable of being mixed
What is united with the aid of an emulsifier to create an emulsion?
Two or more immiscible substances
What is a solution?
Uniform mixture of two or more mutually miscible substances
What is air?
Gaseous mixture that makes up the earth’s atmosphere
What term refers to molecules that contain two or more a tums of the same element?
Chemical molecules
What term refers to molecules that contain two or more atoms of the same element?
elemental molecules
What businesses primarily use oil-in-water emulsions?
salons and spas
What is the difference between water-in-oil emulsions and oil-in-water emulsions?
W/O emulsions are greasier
What are most skin care products? W/O or O/W
emulsions of oil and water
What term means “water-loving”?
hydrophilic
What term means “oil-loving”?
lipophilic
How much of the air is made of nitrogen?
four-fifths
What is the science that deals with the composition, structure, and properties of matter and how matter changes under different conditions?
chemistry
What are the two branches of chemistry?
organic and inorganic
What element is absent from the compounds studied in inorganic chemistry?
carbon
What is the study of substances that contain carbon?
organic chemistry
What element is found in all living things, whether they are plants or animals?
carbon
What is any substance that is dissolved by a solvent to form a solution?
solute
What do antioxidants prevent by neutralizing free radicals?
oxidation
What type of neutralization reaction forms water and salt?
acid-alkali
What is the natural pH of the skin?
5.5
What term refers to substances with a pH below 7.0?
acids
What are substances with a pH above 7.0?
alkalis
What type of substance has a pH level of 7.0?
neutral
What are suspensions?
unstable mixtures of two or more immiscible substances
What is reduction?
loss of oxygen or the addition of hydrogen
What is the term that refers to matter in its three physical forms?
states of matter
How much of the Earth’s surface, approximately, is water?
75%
