Chapter 7- Automation

Question 1

3 basic approach of Automation

Answer 1

1. Continuous Flow Analyzer
2. Centrifugal Analyzer
3. Discrete Analyzer

Question 2

Considered as the oldest automation. Liquids are pumped through a system of continuous tubing. Samples flow through a common reaction vessel or pathway. Mixture of sample and reagent takes place by using a glass coil into the flow path.

Answer 2

Continuous Flow Analyzer

Question 3

It serves as separating and clearing media for Continuous Flow Analyzer.

Answer 3

Air bubbles

Question 4

Disadvantages of Continuous Flow Analyzer

Answer 4

Prone to contamination and carry-over

Not for stat analysis

Question 5

Example of Continuous Flow Analyzer

Answer 5

Simultaneous Multiple Analyzer (SMA) Technicon

Question 6

Liquids are placed in separate cuvets for measurement at the perimeter of a spinning rotor (1000rpm)

Answer 6

Centrifugal Analyzer

Question 7

What is utilized for mixing in Centrifugal Analyzer

Answer 7

Centrifugal force or bubbling of air

Question 8

Example of Centrifugal Analyzer

Answer 8

Cobas-Bio (Roche)

IL Monarch

Question 9

Major advantage of Centrifugal Analyzer

Answer 9

Batch Analysis

Question 10

It is the most popular analyzer. Each sample reagent mixture handled separately in its own reaction vessel

Answer 10

Discrete Analyzer

Question 11

How many uL of sample is needed for Discrete Analyzer

Answer 11

2-6 uL

Question 12

Principle: the spreading layer permits a rapid uniform spreading layer over the reagent layer

Answer 12

Dry slide technology

Question 13

Measurement of light reflected from surfaces

Answer 13

Reflectance photometry

Question 14

Examples of Discrete Analyzer

Answer 14

Vitros
Dimension Dade
Beckman ASTRA System
Hitachi
Bayer Advia Rocher
Cobas Integra 800
Roch Analyrics P Module
ACA Star (Dade)

Question 15

All samples are loaded at the same time and single test is conducted on each sample

Answer 15

Batch Testing

Question 16

More than one test is analyzed concurrently on a given clinical specimen

Answer 16

Parallel testing

Question 17

Any test can be performed on any sample in any sequence

Answer 17

Random Access Testing

Question 18

Multiple tests analyzed one after another on a given specimen

Answer 18

Sequential testing

Question 19

A system other than manufacturer’s reagent can be utilized for measurement

Answer 19

Open Reagent System

Question 20

A system where the operator can only use the manufacturer’s reagent

Answer 20

Closed Reagent System

Question 21

Types of reaction vessel

Answer 21

Tubing
Sealed plastic bag
Teflon or plastic rotors
Plastic cuvets
Multilayer thin film slides

Question 22

Phases of Analytic process

Answer 22

Preanalytic
Analytic
Postanalytic

Question 23

Phase of Analytic process where sample and processing happens

Answer 23

Preanalytic

Question 24

Phase of Analytic process where chemical processing happens

Answer 24

Analytic

Question 25

Phase of Analytic process where data management happens

Answer 25

Postanalytic

Question 26

Driving forces toward automation

Answer 26

1. Faster and easier to use
2. “Walk-away” capability
3. Modular analyzer- chemistry and Immunoassay
4. Reduction or turn around time
5. Directed individual tests
6. Point of care analyzers

Question 27

ELISA

Answer 27

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay

Question 28

Chemical Reaction phase

Answer 28

1. Mixing
2. Separation
3. Incubation
4. Reaction time
5. Measurement phase

Question 29

Lyophilized form and slide technology

Answer 29

Dry chemistry

Question 30

Advantages of Automation

Answer 30

1. Increase the number of tests to be performed in a given period.
2. Minimizes variation of result from one laboratorian to another.
3. Eliminates the potential error in manual analyses, such as pipetting, calculation, and transcription of results.