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ClinicalChem > Analytic Techniques > Flashcards

Analytic Techniques Flashcards

1
Q

Container that holds the solution

A

Cuvet

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2
Q

2 types of Colorimetry

A

Spectrophotometric Measurement

Photometric Measurement

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3
Q

Measurement of light intensity in a narrow wavelength

A

Spectrophotometric Measurement

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4
Q

Measurement of light intensity without consideration of wavelenght

A

Photometric Measurement

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5
Q

An instrument that uses filters

A

Photometer

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6
Q

Instrument uses gratings

A

Spectrometer

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7
Q

Described as photons of energy traveling in waves

A

Electromagnetic radiations

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8
Q

4 techniques in Analytical Chem

A

Spectrometry
Luminescence
Electroanalytic method
Chromatography

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9
Q

3 kinds of Spectrometry

A

Spectrophotometry
Atomic Absorption
Mass Spectrometry

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10
Q

2 kinds of Luminescence

A

Fluorescence

Chemiluminescence

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11
Q

3 kinds of Electroanalytic method

A

Electrophoresis
Potentiometry
Amperometry

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12
Q

3 kinds of Chromatography

A

Gas
Liquid
Thin Layer

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13
Q

Concentration of a substance is directly proportional to the amount of light absorbed or inversely proportional to the logarithm of transmitted light

A

Beer’s Law

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14
Q

Ratio of the radiant energy transmitted divided by the radiant energy incident in the sample

A

Percent Transmittance

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15
Q

It is the amount of light absorbed and it is directly proportional to concentration

A

Absorbance

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16
Q

Used to measure the light transmitted by a solution to determine the concentration of the light-absorbing substance in the solution

A

Spectrophotometer

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17
Q

Incidence light for the system

A

Light source

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18
Q

Most common source of light which is visible amd near infrared regions

A

Tungsten light bulb

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19
Q

Alternative light source for UV Spectrum

A

Deuterium lamp

Mercury Arc lamp

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20
Q

Alternative light source for IR Spectrum

A

Mercury Arc

Merst Glower Globar

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21
Q

Minimize stray light and prevents the entrance of scattered light into the monochromator system

A

Entrance slit

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22
Q

Isolates specific or individual wavelength or light

A

Monochromator

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23
Q

3 Types of Monochromator

A

Prism
Diffraction Gratings
Filter

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24
Q

It has short wavelength, wedge shaped, quartz or sodium chloride and narrow of light focused on prism is refracted

A

Prism

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25
Q

Most commonly used. It has better solution than prism. Parallel grooves or slits into an aluminized surface of a flat piece of crown glass

A

Diffraction Gratings

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26
Q

Simple, least expensive, not precise but useful

A

Filter

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27
Q

Principle of constructive interference

A

Light waves enter one side of the filter and are reflected at the second surface

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28
Q

Controls the width of light beam. It allows only a fraction of the spectrum to reach the sample cuvet

A

Exit Slit

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29
Q

True or False: the narrower the bandpass, the greater the resolution

A

True

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30
Q

Also know as the sample cell, absorption cell, analytical cell

A

Cuvet

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31
Q

Kinds of Cuvet

A

Borosilicate Glass
Quartz or Plastic
Alumina Silica Glass
Soft Glass

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32
Q

Older form of a Cuvet

A

Alumina Silica Glass

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33
Q

It is the commonly used Cuvet. Used with UV Spectrum

A

Quartz or Plastic

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34
Q

A Cuvet that can stand high temperature

A

Borosilicate Glass

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35
Q

D texts and converts transmitted light into photoelectric energy

A

Photodetector

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36
Q

Kinds of detectors

A

Photocell
Phototube
Photomultiplier tube

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37
Q

It is the simplest detector and least expensive. No voltage source. For filter photometer. Selenium on q plate of iron covered with transparent layer of silver.

A

Photocell

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38
Q

It requires external voltage. Anode and Cathode enclosed in a glass tube. It gives of electron when light energy strikes it

A

Phototube

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39
Q

Most common type of detector. Amplifies radiant energy (200x sensitivity). Excellent sensitivity and rapid response. It can detect very low level of light

A

Photomultiplier tube

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40
Q

Low movement can be detected

A

Sensitivity

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41
Q

Movement will not affect the result

A

Specificity

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42
Q

Not as sensitive as photomultiplier tube. Multitude or wavelength. It detects less amount of light

A

Phototransistor and Photodiode

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43
Q

Indicates the amount of light passing

A

Meter/ Read-out device

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44
Q

2 examples of meter/ read-out device

A

Galvanometer and Ammeter

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45
Q

The absorbance reading from the sample must be blanked using an appropriate reference solution that does not contain the compound of interest

A

Single-beam spectrophotometer

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46
Q

Permit automatic correction of a sample and reference absorbance. It splits the monochromatic light into two components

A

Double-beam Spectrophotometer

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47
Q

Light emitted by a single atom burned in flame

A

Flame Emission Spectrophotometry

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48
Q

What is the principle behind Flame Emission Spectrophotometry

A

Excitation of electrons from lower to higher energy state

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49
Q

Na (Sodium) produces what color in Flame Emission Spectro

A

Yellow

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50
Q

K (Potassium) produces what color in Flame Emission Spectro

A

Violet

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51
Q

True or False: The flame serves as the Cuvet in Flame Emission Spectro

52
Q

Monochromator used in Flame Emission Spectro

53
Q

Components of FES

A

Nebulizer
Burner
Monochromator System

54
Q

Deliver a fine spray of a sample containing the metallic ion

55
Q

A fuel gas (propane) with an oxidizing agent (compressed air)

56
Q

Lime spectrum of specific element to strike the photomultiplier tube

A

Monochromator system

57
Q

Conversions of ions to atom. More sensitive than FEM. Unionized, unexcited, ground state.

A

Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry

58
Q

Light source of Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry

A

Hallow Cathode lamp

59
Q

Principle of Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry

A

Light is not excited but merely dissociated

60
Q

Used to convert ion to atoms

61
Q

Used to modulate light source

62
Q

Amount of light emitted by a molecule after excitation by electromagnetic radiation. It requires 2 monochromator

A

Fluorometry

63
Q

Light source of Fluorometry

A

Mercury Arc

xenon lamp

64
Q

Light detector of Fluorometry

A

Photomultiplier tube

65
Q

Selection of wavelength that is best absorbed by solution

A

Primary filter

66
Q

Prevent incident from striking photodetector

A

Second filter

67
Q

Advantage of Fluorometry

A

1000x more sensitive than most Spectrophotometry

68
Q

Disadvantage of Fluorometry

A

Prone to quenching

Reduces intensity of Fluorescence

69
Q

Sudden change in temperature

70
Q

Principle of Chemiluminescence

A

Exciting molecules by chemicals

No monochromator required

71
Q

Advantage of Chemiluminescence

A

Speed (10 seconds)

Simple instrumentation

72
Q

Its principle is the amount of light blocked (absorbance) by suspension of particles depends not only on concentration but also on size

73
Q

True or False: The more turbid the solution the higher the absorbance

74
Q

True or False: The lesser the concentration of the sample the higher the transmitted light

75
Q

Its principle is that the light scattered by the small particles is measured at an angle to the incident light

A

Nephelometry

76
Q

Process of separating by electrical current

A

Electrophoresis

77
Q

It refers to the migration of small ions

A

Iontophoresis

78
Q

Migration of charged macromolecules

A

Zone electrophoresis

79
Q

Electrophoresis consists of five components which are

A 
Driving force (electrical power)
Support medium
Buffer
Sample
Detecting system
80
Q

PH of Barbitol

81
Q

PH of Tris-boric EDTA

82
Q

Support materials for Electrophoresis

A

Cellulose Acetate
Agrose gel
Polyacrylamide gel

83
Q

Separates serum proteins into 5 bands

A

Cellulose Acetate

84
Q

5 bands

A 
Albumin
Alpha 1
Alpha 2 
Beta
Gamma
85
Q

Separates serum proteins into 10-15 bands

A

Agarose gel

86
Q

Separates serum proteins into > 20 bands

A

Polyacrylamide gel

87
Q

Migration is controlled by:

A 
Net charge
Particle size/shape
Electric fields
Supporting medium
Temperature
88
Q

Movement of buffer ions and solvent relative to the fixed support

A

Electroendosmosis or endosmosis

89
Q

Separating molecule migrate

A

Isoelectric focusing

90
Q

Separations is performed in narrow-bone fuse silica capillaries

A

Capillary Electrophoresis

91
Q

Fundamental Capillary Electrophoresis concept

A

Electro-osmotic flow (EOF)

92
Q

Group of techniques used to separate complex mixtures on the basis of different physical interactions between the individual compounds and the stationary phase of the system

A

Chromatography

93
Q

Modes of Separation

A

Adsorption chromatography
Partition chromatography
Steric exclusion
Ion-exchange chromatography

94
Q

Adherence to the surface

A

Adsorption

95
Q

Included to the component

A

Absorption

96
Q

Also known as liquid-solid chromatography, is based on the competition between the sample and the mobile phase for the adsorptive sites on the solid stationary phase

A

Adsorption chromatography

97
Q

Referred to as liquid-liquid chromatography. Separation of solute is based on relative solubility in an organic(nonpolar) solvent and an aqueous(polar) solvent

A

Partition Chromatography

98
Q

2 kinds of steric exclusion

A

Gel filtration

Gel permeation

99
Q

A variation of liquid-solid chromatography, is used to separate solute molecules on the basis of size and shape

A

Steric exclusion

100
Q

Solute mixtures are separated by virtue of the magnitude and charge of ionic species

A

Ion exchange chromatography

101
Q

True or False: the stationary phase in Ion exchange chromatography is a resin

102
Q

Variant column chromatography. Use for drug screening.

A

Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)

103
Q

Chromatography that uses pressure for fast separations, controlled temperature, in-line detectors, and gradient elution techniques

A

High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)

104
Q

What chromatography is used in blood gas analysis

A

Gas chromatography

105
Q

Used to separate mixtures of compounds that are volatile or can be made volatile

A

Gas chromatography

106
Q

Measure light energy

A

Optical Instruments

107
Q

Fractionation of sugar and amino acids

A

Paper chromatography

108
Q

Sorbent used in paper chromatography

A

Whatman paper

109
Q

Stationary phase in a tube or coated inner surface of tube

A

Columnar Chromatography

110
Q

Measurement of the current or voltage generated by the activity of a specific ion

A

Electrochemistry

111
Q

Electrode with a constant voltag

A

Reference electrode

112
Q

Measuring electrode

A

Analytical electrode

113
Q

Used for blood gas analysis. Measurement of differences in voltage at a constant current

A

Potentiometry

114
Q

What are the reference electrodes used in Potentiometry

A

Calomel and silver-silver chloride

115
Q

Electrolyte dissolved un the fluid phase of the sample in the mmol/L of plasma water

A

Ion Selective Electrode (ISE)

116
Q

ISE membrane:

A

Glass aluminum
Valinomycin gel
Organic liquid membrane ion exchangers

117
Q

Titrant is electrochemically generated and the endpoint is dedicated by Amperometry

A

Coloumetry

118
Q

Measurement of the current flow produced by an oxidation-reaction

A

Amperometry

119
Q

Measurement of the differences in current at a constant voltage

A

Polarography

120
Q

The measurement of current after which a potential is applied to an electrochemical cell

A

Voltametry

121
Q

Fragmentation and ionization of molecules using suitable source of energy. Can detect structural information and determination of MW

A

Mass Spectrometry

122
Q

Sequence of entire gene

123
Q

Investigation of protein products encoded by genes

A

Proteomics

124
Q

Matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight MS

125
Q

In matrix solvent spotted onto a stainless steel plate

A

Protein sample

126
Q

Surface enhanced LDI-TOF

ClinicalChem (2 decks)

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