Analytic Techniques Flashcards
1
Q
Container that holds the solution
A
Cuvet
2
Q
2 types of Colorimetry
A
Spectrophotometric Measurement
Photometric Measurement
3
Q
Measurement of light intensity in a narrow wavelength
A
Spectrophotometric Measurement
4
Q
Measurement of light intensity without consideration of wavelenght
A
Photometric Measurement
5
Q
An instrument that uses filters
A
Photometer
6
Q
Instrument uses gratings
A
Spectrometer
7
Q
Described as photons of energy traveling in waves
A
Electromagnetic radiations
8
Q
4 techniques in Analytical Chem
A
Spectrometry
Luminescence
Electroanalytic method
Chromatography
9
Q
3 kinds of Spectrometry
A
Spectrophotometry
Atomic Absorption
Mass Spectrometry
10
Q
2 kinds of Luminescence
A
Fluorescence
Chemiluminescence
11
Q
3 kinds of Electroanalytic method
A
Electrophoresis
Potentiometry
Amperometry
12
Q
3 kinds of Chromatography
A
Gas
Liquid
Thin Layer
13
Q
Concentration of a substance is directly proportional to the amount of light absorbed or inversely proportional to the logarithm of transmitted light
A
Beer’s Law
14
Q
Ratio of the radiant energy transmitted divided by the radiant energy incident in the sample
A
Percent Transmittance
15
Q
It is the amount of light absorbed and it is directly proportional to concentration
A
Absorbance
16
Q
Used to measure the light transmitted by a solution to determine the concentration of the light-absorbing substance in the solution
A
Spectrophotometer
17
Q
Incidence light for the system
A
Light source
18
Q
Most common source of light which is visible amd near infrared regions
A
Tungsten light bulb
19
Q
Alternative light source for UV Spectrum
A
Deuterium lamp
Mercury Arc lamp
20
Q
Alternative light source for IR Spectrum
A
Mercury Arc
Merst Glower Globar
21
Q
Minimize stray light and prevents the entrance of scattered light into the monochromator system
A
Entrance slit
22
Q
Isolates specific or individual wavelength or light
A
Monochromator
23
Q
3 Types of Monochromator
A
Prism
Diffraction Gratings
Filter
24
Q
It has short wavelength, wedge shaped, quartz or sodium chloride and narrow of light focused on prism is refracted
A
Prism
25
Most commonly used. It has better solution than prism. Parallel grooves or slits into an aluminized surface of a flat piece of crown glass
Diffraction Gratings
26
Simple, least expensive, not precise but useful
Filter
27
Principle of constructive interference
Light waves enter one side of the filter and are reflected at the second surface
28
Controls the width of light beam. It allows only a fraction of the spectrum to reach the sample cuvet
Exit Slit
29
True or False: the narrower the bandpass, the greater the resolution
True
30
Also know as the sample cell, absorption cell, analytical cell
Cuvet
31
Kinds of Cuvet
Borosilicate Glass
Quartz or Plastic
Alumina Silica Glass
Soft Glass
32
Older form of a Cuvet
Alumina Silica Glass
33
It is the commonly used Cuvet. Used with UV Spectrum
Quartz or Plastic
34
A Cuvet that can stand high temperature
Borosilicate Glass
35
D texts and converts transmitted light into photoelectric energy
Photodetector
36
Kinds of detectors
Photocell
Phototube
Photomultiplier tube
37
It is the simplest detector and least expensive. No voltage source. For filter photometer. Selenium on q plate of iron covered with transparent layer of silver.
Photocell
38
It requires external voltage. Anode and Cathode enclosed in a glass tube. It gives of electron when light energy strikes it
Phototube
39
Most common type of detector. Amplifies radiant energy (200x sensitivity). Excellent sensitivity and rapid response. It can detect very low level of light
Photomultiplier tube
40
Low movement can be detected
Sensitivity
41
Movement will not affect the result
Specificity
42
Not as sensitive as photomultiplier tube. Multitude or wavelength. It detects less amount of light
Phototransistor and Photodiode
43
Indicates the amount of light passing
Meter/ Read-out device
44
2 examples of meter/ read-out device
Galvanometer and Ammeter
45
The absorbance reading from the sample must be blanked using an appropriate reference solution that does not contain the compound of interest
Single-beam spectrophotometer
46
Permit automatic correction of a sample and reference absorbance. It splits the monochromatic light into two components
Double-beam Spectrophotometer
47
Light emitted by a single atom burned in flame
Flame Emission Spectrophotometry
48
What is the principle behind Flame Emission Spectrophotometry
Excitation of electrons from lower to higher energy state
49
Na (Sodium) produces what color in Flame Emission Spectro
Yellow
50
K (Potassium) produces what color in Flame Emission Spectro
Violet
51
True or False: The flame serves as the Cuvet in Flame Emission Spectro
True
52
Monochromator used in Flame Emission Spectro
Filter
53
Components of FES
Nebulizer
Burner
Monochromator System
54
Deliver a fine spray of a sample containing the metallic ion
Nebulizer
55
A fuel gas (propane) with an oxidizing agent (compressed air)
Burner
56
Lime spectrum of specific element to strike the photomultiplier tube
Monochromator system
57
Conversions of ions to atom. More sensitive than FEM. Unionized, unexcited, ground state.
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry
58
Light source of Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry
Hallow Cathode lamp
59
Principle of Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry
Light is not excited but merely dissociated
60
Used to convert ion to atoms
Atomizer
61
Used to modulate light source
Chopper
62
Amount of light emitted by a molecule after excitation by electromagnetic radiation. It requires 2 monochromator
Fluorometry
63
Light source of Fluorometry
Mercury Arc
| xenon lamp
64
Light detector of Fluorometry
Photomultiplier tube
65
Selection of wavelength that is best absorbed by solution
Primary filter
66
Prevent incident from striking photodetector
Second filter
67
Advantage of Fluorometry
1000x more sensitive than most Spectrophotometry
68
Disadvantage of Fluorometry
Prone to quenching
| Reduces intensity of Fluorescence
69
Sudden change in temperature
Quenching
70
Principle of Chemiluminescence
Exciting molecules by chemicals
| No monochromator required
71
Advantage of Chemiluminescence
Speed (10 seconds)
| Simple instrumentation
72
Its principle is the amount of light blocked (absorbance) by suspension of particles depends not only on concentration but also on size
Turbidity
73
True or False: The more turbid the solution the higher the absorbance
True
74
True or False: The lesser the concentration of the sample the higher the transmitted light
True
75
Its principle is that the light scattered by the small particles is measured at an angle to the incident light
Nephelometry
76
Process of separating by electrical current
Electrophoresis
77
It refers to the migration of small ions
Iontophoresis
78
Migration of charged macromolecules
Zone electrophoresis
79
Electrophoresis consists of five components which are
```
Driving force (electrical power)
Support medium
Buffer
Sample
Detecting system
```
80
PH of Barbitol
8.6
81
PH of Tris-boric EDTA
8.7
82
Support materials for Electrophoresis
Cellulose Acetate
Agrose gel
Polyacrylamide gel
83
Separates serum proteins into 5 bands
Cellulose Acetate
84
5 bands
```
Albumin
Alpha 1
Alpha 2
Beta
Gamma
```
85
Separates serum proteins into 10-15 bands
Agarose gel
86
Separates serum proteins into > 20 bands
Polyacrylamide gel
87
Migration is controlled by:
```
Net charge
Particle size/shape
Electric fields
Supporting medium
Temperature
```
88
Movement of buffer ions and solvent relative to the fixed support
Electroendosmosis or endosmosis
89
Separating molecule migrate
Isoelectric focusing
90
Separations is performed in narrow-bone fuse silica capillaries
Capillary Electrophoresis
91
Fundamental Capillary Electrophoresis concept
Electro-osmotic flow (EOF)
92
Group of techniques used to separate complex mixtures on the basis of different physical interactions between the individual compounds and the stationary phase of the system
Chromatography
93
Modes of Separation
Adsorption chromatography
Partition chromatography
Steric exclusion
Ion-exchange chromatography
94
Adherence to the surface
Adsorption
95
Included to the component
Absorption
96
Also known as liquid-solid chromatography, is based on the competition between the sample and the mobile phase for the adsorptive sites on the solid stationary phase
Adsorption chromatography
97
Referred to as liquid-liquid chromatography. Separation of solute is based on relative solubility in an organic(nonpolar) solvent and an aqueous(polar) solvent
Partition Chromatography
98
2 kinds of steric exclusion
Gel filtration
| Gel permeation
99
A variation of liquid-solid chromatography, is used to separate solute molecules on the basis of size and shape
Steric exclusion
100
Solute mixtures are separated by virtue of the magnitude and charge of ionic species
Ion exchange chromatography
101
True or False: the stationary phase in Ion exchange chromatography is a resin
True
102
Variant column chromatography. Use for drug screening.
Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)
103
Chromatography that uses pressure for fast separations, controlled temperature, in-line detectors, and gradient elution techniques
High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)
104
What chromatography is used in blood gas analysis
Gas chromatography
105
Used to separate mixtures of compounds that are volatile or can be made volatile
Gas chromatography
106
Measure light energy
Optical Instruments
107
Fractionation of sugar and amino acids
Paper chromatography
108
Sorbent used in paper chromatography
Whatman paper
109
Stationary phase in a tube or coated inner surface of tube
Columnar Chromatography
110
Measurement of the current or voltage generated by the activity of a specific ion
Electrochemistry
111
Electrode with a constant voltag
Reference electrode
112
Measuring electrode
Analytical electrode
113
Used for blood gas analysis. Measurement of differences in voltage at a constant current
Potentiometry
114
What are the reference electrodes used in Potentiometry
Calomel and silver-silver chloride
115
Electrolyte dissolved un the fluid phase of the sample in the mmol/L of plasma water
Ion Selective Electrode (ISE)
116
ISE membrane:
Glass aluminum
Valinomycin gel
Organic liquid membrane ion exchangers
117
Titrant is electrochemically generated and the endpoint is dedicated by Amperometry
Coloumetry
118
Measurement of the current flow produced by an oxidation-reaction
Amperometry
119
Measurement of the differences in current at a constant voltage
Polarography
120
The measurement of current after which a potential is applied to an electrochemical cell
Voltametry
121
Fragmentation and ionization of molecules using suitable source of energy. Can detect structural information and determination of MW
Mass Spectrometry
122
Sequence of entire gene
Genomics
123
Investigation of protein products encoded by genes
Proteomics
124
Matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight MS
MALDI-TOF
125
In matrix solvent spotted onto a stainless steel plate
Protein sample
126
Surface enhanced LDI-TOF
SELDI-TOF
