Chapter 7- Attention and Scene Perception

Question 1

Attention

Answer 1

Any of the very large set of selective processes in the brain- To deal with the impossibilities

Question 2

Selective Attention

Answer 2

The form of attention involved when processing is restricted to a subset of the possible stimuli

Question 3

Varieties of Attention

External vs internal

Answer 3

• External- attending to stimuli in the world

- Internal- attending to one line of thought over another line of thought or selecting one response over another

Question 4

cue

Answer 4

Stimulus that might indicate where or what a subsequent stimulus will be
-they can be calid invalid or neutral

Question 5

Exogenous cues

Answer 5

“hey look right here”

Question 6

Endogenous

Answer 6

Ok here is the code “red means look to the right..”

Question 7

Stimulus onset Asynchrony (SOA)

Answer 7

The time between the onset of one stimulus, the target, and the onset of another, the cue

Question 8

Inhibition of return (IOR)

Answer 8

The relative difficulty in getting attention (or the eyes) to move back to a recently attended (or fixated ) location

Question 9

Visual Search

Answer 9

Looking for a target in a display containing distracting elements

Question 10

Target

Answer 10

The goal of the visual search

Question 11

Distractor

Answer 11

In visual search any stimulus other than the target

Question 12

Set size

Answer 12

The number of items in a visual search display

Question 13

Feature search

Answer 13

-chose red bar among the blue –easy

Question 14

Conjunction search

Answer 14

Find red vertical bar among red/blue horizontal/vertical bar -medium hard

Question 15

Spatial configuration search

Answer 15

Find blue shape T among blue L- hard

Question 16

Feature searches are efficient

Answer 16

feature search: search for a target defined by a single attribute such as a salient color or orientation

Question 17

Salience

Answer 17

The vividness of a stimulus relative to its neighbor

Question 18

Parallel

Answer 18

in a visual attention, referring to the processing of multiple stimuli at the same time

Question 19

Real world searches

Answer 19

• picture on wall

- coffee mug on table

Question 20

The binding problem

Answer 20

-the challenge of tying different attributes of visual stimuli( color, orientation, motion) which are handling by different brain circuits to the appropriate object so that we perceive a unified object

Question 21

Feature integration theory

Answer 21

Anne treismans theory of visual attention which holds that a limited set of basic features can be processed in parallel preventively but that other properties including that correct binding of features to objects require attention

Question 22

Preattentive Stage

Answer 22

the processing of a stimulus that occurs before selective attention is deployed to that stimulus

Question 23

Illusionary conjuction

Answer 23

-saying you saw red X, which is plausible, but it was blue

Question 24

Rapid serial visual representation RSVP

Answer 24

is used to study the temporal dynamics of visual attention think of it as visual search in time

Question 25

Attentional Blink

Answer 25

-The difficulty in perceiving and responding to the second of two target stimuli amid a RSVP stream of distracting stimuli

Question 26

3 ways responses of a cell could be changed by attention:

Answer 26

1) response enhancement -graph grows vertically
2) Sharper tuning -graph decreases horizontally
3) Altered tuning- graph moves over

Question 27

Fusiform Face area (FFA)

Answer 27

identifies face/facial expressions

Question 28

Parahippocampal place area

Answer 28

A region of cortex that responds to stimuli that indicates specific locations

Question 29

Visual-Field defect:

Answer 29

A portion of the visual field with no vision or with abnormal vision, typically resulting from damage to the visual nervous system

Question 30

Damage to parietal lobe

Answer 30

-visual field defect such that one of the world is not attended

Question 31

Neglect

Answer 31

in visual attention, the inability to attend to or respond to stimuli in the contralesional visual field

Question 32

Contralesional field

Answer 32

The visual field on the side opposite a brain lesion

Question 33

ipsilesional field

Answer 33

the visual field on the same side as a brain lesion

Question 34

Attention can be object based

Answer 34

evidence from neglect patients indicates that they sometimes neglect one side of an object rather than one side of the visual field

Question 35

Extinction

Answer 35

The visual attention the inability to perceive a stimulus to one side of the point of fixation (eg to the right) in the presence of another stimulus typically in a comparable position in the other visual field

Question 36

ADHD

Answer 36

one of the most common disorders of attention

• impulsivity
• hyperactivity
• don’t follow direction
• -only a little worse than normal kids on tests

Question 37

The two pathways to scene perception are?

Answer 37

Selective pathway: Permits the recognition of one or another very few objects at a time. this pathway passes through the bottleneck of selective attention

Question 38

Nonselective Pathway

Answer 38

Contributes information about the distribution of features across a scene as well as information about the gist of the scene . This pathway does not pass through the bottleneck of attention

Question 39

Ensemble statistics

Answer 39

The average and distribution of properties like orientation of color over a set of objects or over a region in a scene

Question 40

Change blindness

Answer 40

the failure to notice a change between two scenes. if the gist or meaning of the scene is not altered quite large changes can pass unnoticed

Question 41

inattentional blindness

Answer 41

a failure to notice– or at least to report a stimulus that would be easily reportable if it were attended