CHAPTER 7 Applied Ecology Flashcards by porenz m

is a branch of ecology that uses ecology concepts to address current issues involving natural resources and human well-being.
In general, humans are an integral part of the ecosystem.
AIM: use ecology knowledge to improve the state of biodiversity and the services that the ecosystem provides.

applied ecology

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Refers to a group of organisms of the same kind or species living in the same place at the same time.
* may increase or decrease due to birth, death, immigration and emigration

population

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It is the change in a population over time.
The change in the number of individuals of any species in a population using “per unit time” for measurement.
is the annual average rate of change of population size, for a given country, territory, or geographic area, during a specified period.

Population growth rate (PGR)

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Factors that Affects the Population Growth

The birth rate exceeds the death rate.
- the population naturally increases if the number of births is greater than the number of births at any given of time or if the death rate is slower than the birth rate.
1. - it refers to the number of births per 1000 people per year.
2. - it refers to the number of people who died per 1,000 people in a given year.
Formula:—-

Birth Rate or Fertility Rate
Death Rate or Mortality Rate
(number of births/death within a year / total population within a year x 1000)

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Factors that Affects the Population Growth

The development in Science and Technology
has made the ______.-With the help of the Department Science and Technology (DOST), the agency tasked by the government to develop pharmaceutical products for priority health problems, better health and long life are attained.

life expectancy of Filipinos longer

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Factors that Affects the Population Growth

Some ________ of the Filipinos also influence the population growth.
Filipino believe that children are blessing to the family and that more children means more blessings.
In rural areas where the main livelihood is agriculture, to have children means more hands in tilling the field, harvesting, and engaging in other means of livelihood.

beliefs and practices

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Problems on Population Growth

FS
WS
HP
UE
PE
HP
GP
P
E

Food Shortage
Water shortage
Housing Problem
Unemployment
Peace and Order
Health Problems (Malnutrition, Unsanitary surroundings, poor hygiene and poor health, and presence of diseases.)
Garbage Problem
Pollution
Education

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Solutions to Problems on Population Growth

Development programs to increase ____, provide portable water supply, construct more road and bridges.
Promoting ____ of the people by building more hospitals, health clinics and render effective health services.
To protect our environment ,the government has initiated ____ projects like Pasig Rehabilitation Program and Haribon foundation Program.
Congress has passed law on environmental care and protection such as ___

food production
health and wellness
environment protection
Philippine Clean Water Act and Clean Air Act.

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Effect of Human Activity

is the** full or large scale removal of a forest**, or area of trees, in order to clear land for human development.

deforestation

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Causes of Deforestation

UCP
GC
CGL
F

Used for urban and construction purposes
To grow crops
To create Grazing Land
Used for Fuel

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Effects of Deforestation

occurs when upper layers of soil are removed from their original location in the process that is either slow and goes unnoticed for long periods of time or can be sudden and cause immediate damage
- During rainfall, it washes away the rest of the nutrients.
- cultivation in this land is useless because of low soil fertility.

soil erosion

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Effects of Deforestation

Trees contribute in a large way in maintaining the water cycle.
They draw up water via their roots, which is then released into the atmosphere.
A large part of the water that circulates in the ecosystem of rainforests.
When these trees are cut down it results in the climate getting drier in the land.

Disruption of the Water Cycle

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Effects of Deforestation

A decrease in biodiversity within a species, an ecosystem, a given geographical area, or Earth as a whole.
Due to massive deforestation, about 50 – 100 species of animals are being lost each day.
It cause the extinction of animals and plants on a massive scale.
It can have direct human health impacts if ecosystem services are no longer adequate to meet social needs.

loss of biodiversity

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Effects of Deforestation

One of the vital function of forest is to absorb and store great amounts of water quickly when there are heavy rains.
When forests are cut down, this regulation of the flow of water is disrupted, which leads to altering periods of flood and then drought in the affected area.

Flooding and Drought

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Effects of Deforestation

Caused largely due to emissions of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
Trees act as a major storage depot for carbon, since they absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
When deforestation occurs, many of the trees are burnt or they are allowed to rot, which results in releasing the carbon that is stored in them.
It leads to greater concentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

climate change

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Effect of Human Activity

It is the introduction of chemicals, particulates, and biological matter in air, soil, water, or food which threatens the health of human, animal and plant life.

pollution

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Air Pollutants

Sulfur dioxide
Nitrogen oxides
Ammonia
Carbon monoxide
Volatile Organic Compound (VOCs)
Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)
Airborne particles
Toxic metals
Radioactive pollutants
Ozone

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Causes of Air Pollution

SOD
M
BFF
VE, W, NP

Stratospheric ozone depletion is a threat to human health as well as to the Earth’s ecosystems.
Manufacturing it spews particulate matter and chemicals into the atmosphere.
Burning of fossil fuels is part of everyday life of every human. We burn fossil fuel in our cars, to extract fossil fuel from Earth, and to process fossil fuel into its individual components.
Earth itself contributes to air pollution through volcanic eruptions, wildfires, and other natural process.

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Causes of Water Pollution

Water pollution come from two different types of sources.
IFL
PTW
P
FNP

Pollutants being emitted directly into a water body results in a “point source”, such as a pipe from an** industrial facility leaking toxics directly into the water.**
Pollutants being directly transported to the water such as run off from fertilizers flowing in to a larger body of water by rain results in a type of pollution called “non point source”.
Pesticides are common cause of water pollution. Pesticides from farms and individual home owners run off into streams and rivers. Then it gets absorbed into ground water pollution the water the people drink and causing trouble with the fish in the rivers where the pesticides run off.
Fertilizers and nutrient pollution are prevalent into manure, sewage, and chemical fertilizer are Nitrates and Phosphates. These pollutants run into the streams and rivers causing excessive growth in aquatic plants and algae leading to clogged waterways and dead zones.

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Soil Pollutants
H
S
P
L

Hydrocarbons
Solvents
Pesticides
Lead and other heavy materials

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Causes of Soil Pollution

CW
UWMT
MFP

Chemicals and wastes from factories, hospitals, farms are dumped into the soil. These chemicals and wastes make soil poisonous for plants, animals, and people.
Unhealthy waste management techniques, which are characterized by release of sewage into the large dumping grounds and nearby stream or rivers.
* Modern farming practices

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It is the increase in the temperature of Earth’s atmosphere due to greenhouse gasses.
The carbon cycle may affected by human activities such as deforestation and combustion leading to an enhanced greenhouse effect.
EX.

GLOBAL WARMING
-Rise in sea levels due to expansion/ melting of ice berg.
-Lost land
-Flooding
-Starvation
-Extinction

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“—-” is a term that refers to animals that are not normally domesticated.

Wildlife

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Wildlife is ________ of a large variety of commercial products like food, leather, honey, herbal medicines, timber etc.
Scientists and medical researchers use wildlife animals as ________ on which trial experiments are performed before there actual application to human beings.

renewable source
research materials

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# Benefits of Wildlife * Wildlife is an essential components of various food chains, food webs, biogeochemical cycles and energy flow through various trophic levels. * Preserves vitality and health of environment and provides stability to various ecosystems.

# Basic Values of Wildlife a. - enjoying of wildlife’s beauty and pleasure b. - studying and research of wildlife for their use in medications, integrated pest management, etc… c. - the interaction of wildlife in nature - d. - using wildlife to earn money e. - the enjoyment value gained though hunting and fishing.

Aesthetic Value Scientific Value Ecological Value Commercial Value Game Value

# Threats to Wildlife - Population growth, fast industrialization, urbanization and modernization have all contributed to a large – scale destruction of natural habitat of plants and animals.

habitat loss

# Threats to Wildlife - Air, water, soil, and noise pollution of the magnitude and toxicity never seen before is the major factor. - - Natural habitats have been destroyed or damaged by activities such as the indiscriminate use of synthetic materials, release of radiations and oil spills in the sea, generation of effluents and wastes of various kinds and toxicity, and their unscientific disposal.

pollution

# Threats to Wildlife - Indiscriminate killing and poaching of wild animals for food, horn, fur, tusk, etc. has resulted in reduction and even extinction of many wild species.

Indiscriminate hunting

# Threats to Wildlife - Many native species have known to disappear and their existence is under threat because of the introduction of exotic and alien species.

Introduction of exotic species

* It is the **practice of protecting wild plant and animal species and their habitats.** * The goals of wildlife conservation are to ensure that nature will be around for future generations to enjoy and to recognize the importance of wildlife and wilderness lands to human. * Wildlife conservations has become an increasingly important practice due to the negative effects of human activity on wildlife.

wildlife conservation

# Parts of Wildlife Conservation

Education Research Law Enforcement Wild Management

# Wildlife Conservation It is a protected area of land in which a typical ecosystem with all its wild plants and animals are protected and preserved in natural surroundings.

National Parks ## Footnote There are 35 National Parks in the Philippines and nearly 240 protected areas.

# Wildlife Conservation A sanctuary is a protected area of land, wetland or sea reserved for the conservation of wild animals, birds and plants.

Wildlife Sanctuary ## Footnote The Mount Hamiguitan Range Wildlife Sanctuary provides a sanctuary to a host of globally threatened and endemic flora and fauna species, eight of which are found nowhere else except Mount Hamiguitan. These include critically endangered trees, plants and the iconic Philippine Eagle and Philippine Cockatoo.

# Wildlife Conservation A specific category of protected area of land and/or coastal area wherein tribal people native to the area are an integral part of the system.

Biosphere reserves ## Footnote The concept of Biosphere Reserve was conceived by the UN and was launched in 1975 as a part of UNESCO’s “Man and Biosphere” Programmed.

# Conservation Measures The conservation strategies should include the following programs and policies. * ________ plants and animals species living in natural habitat, zoological and botanical gardens, seed gene, tissue culture and DNA banks. * ________ of animal and plant species plus the management of life supporting systems in the surrounding habitats. * ________ in the wild animals and plants products should be regulated and a strict vigil should be maintained upon these actions. * Role of government and NGOs in ________ programs among common people about values of wildlife and it’s conservation.

Protection of threatened/useful Preservation of critical habitats Hunting and international trade spreading awareness

* An international organization dedicated to finding “pragmatic solutions to our most pressing environment and development challenges”. * The organization publishes the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, which assesses the conservation status of species. * It works for the enlistments and preservation of endangered species of plants and animals. * Now known as the World Conservation Union, it aims to impart information about the distribution and status of threatened species, develop awareness about the importance of threatened biodiversity and guide their conservation programs and actions.

IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources)

The union has identifies and documented endangered species of plants and animals and has placed them into “Red List” categories. ## Footnote E EW CR EN VU NT LC DD NE

Extinct (EX) Extinct in Wild (EW) Critically Endangered (CR) Endangered (EN) Vulnerable (VU) Near Threatened (NT) Least Concern (LC) Data Deficient (DD) Not Evaluated (NE)

Species in which the last individuals has died or where systematic and time – appropriate surveys have been unable to log even a single individual.

Extinct (EX) ## Footnote dinosaur, saber-toothed cat, dodo, woolly mammoth, tasmanian tiger, golden toad, passenger pigeon, ground sloth

Species whose members survive only in captivity or as artificially supported populations far outside their historical geographic range (like in zoo).

Extinct in Wild (EW) ## Footnote Panamanian golden frog (Atelopus zeteki) have not been seen in the wild since 2006 and believed to be functionally extinct in their native habitat.

Species that possess an extremely high risk of extinction as a result of rapid population declines of 80 not more than 90% over the previous 10 years. Currently population size is fewer than 50 individuals.

Critically Endangered (CR) ## Footnote Aquita (Phocoena sinus) With as few as around 10 left, the species will become extinct without a fully enforced gillnet ban throughout their entire habitat.

Species that possess a very high risk of extinction as a result of rapid population declines of 50 not more than 70 % over previous 10 years. Currently population size is fewer than 250 individuals.

Endangered (EN) ## Footnote Current estimates place the wild tamaraw (Bubalus mindorensis) population from 30 to 200 individuals.

Species that possess a very high risk of extinction as a result of rapid population declines of 30 not more than 50 % over previous 10 years. Currently population size is fewer than 1000 individuals.

Vulnerable (VU) ## Footnote Ili pika (Ochontana iliensis) is very rare — there are less than 1,000 left.

- species that are close to becoming threatened or may meet the criteria for threatened status in the near future.

Near Threatened (NT)

- species describe by science but not assessed by he IUCN.

Not Evaluated (NE)

# Patterns of Resource Use It is a **community of trees, shrubs, herbs, and associated plants and organisms** that cover a considerable area that use oxygen, water and soil nutrients as the community attains maturity and reproduce itself.

forest ## Footnote * Forest are one of the most important nature resources on this Earth. * The word forest is derived from a Latin word “Foris” means Outside. * Approximately 1/3 of the earth total area is covered by forests. * Forest resources play an important role in the economy of any country.

# Functions of Forests PPRA

Protective Function Productive Function Regulatory Function Accessory Function

# Functions of Forests Forest provide protection against soil erosion, droughts, floods, noise, radiations etc.

Protective Functions

# Functions of Forests Forest provide various products like gum, resins, medicines, honey, pulp, bamboo, timber, fruits etc.

Productive Functions

# Functions of Forests Forest regulates the level of oxygen and carbon dioxide in atmosphere. The forest also help in regulating temperature condition.

Regulative Functions

# Functions of Forests Accessory Functions

Forest provides aesthetics, habitat to various flora and fauna besides that it also has an recreational value.

# Ecological Importance or uses of Forests RGCT RGW RGW CS CWF HW AN AAP

1. Regulation of Global Climate and Temperature 2. Reduction of Global Warming 3. Reduction of Global Warmig 4. Conservation of Soil 5. Control of water flow 6. Habitat to wildlife 7. Absorbing of Noise 8. Absorbing of Air pollutants

* The **area of land draining into a stream or a water course** at a given location is known as catchment area. * Also called as **drainage area or drainage basin.** * The catchment feeds water into a holding area via rivers, streams and creeks. The water is then **stored in a natural or artificial** (manmade) barrier called dam or reservoir.

Watershed/Water Catchment Area

# Benefits of Dams WS RAD FC PH RP

Water Supply Meet the rural agricultural demands Dams help in flood control Production of hydropower Recreational purposes

**Growing plants and rearing animal** for food, clothing, and other useful products is called Agriculture. A crop is plant cultivated by people.

agricultural land

Major Types of Agriculture ## Footnote IA P TSA TIA

Industrialized agriculture Plantation Traditional subsistence agriculture Traditional intensive agriculture

# Major Types of Agriculture * *Fossil fuel energy * Heavy water use * Single crops (monoculture) * Mostly in developed countries

Industrialized agriculture

# Major Types of Agriculture * Form of industrial agricultural in tropical developing countries. * Banana, coffee, sugar cane, cocoa * Increasing large livestock

Plantation

# Major Types of Agriculture

# Major Types of Agriculture * Human labor and draft animals producing food for family survival. * Nomadic herding

Traditional Subsistence Agriculture

# Major Types of Agriculture Increasing human and animal labor, fertilizers, water to get higher yields. Enough food for family and to sell locally

Traditional Intensive Agriculture

It is a tract of water withing an ocean. A **large body of salt water** completely or partially enclosed by land.

sea

Wastes Emitted in the Atmosphere

include methane from the breakdown of solid wastes at a landfill, biological treatment of solid wastes, incineration and burning of waste, wastewater treatment and discharge and other sources (e.g. emissions arising from flaring of methane at a landfill site).

Types of pollutants emitted into the atmosphere

Carbon monoxide Lead Nitrogen oxides Ground – level ozone Particle pollution (Particulate matter) Sulfur oxide

It is a byproduct of combustion reactions, or the burning of certain fuels. It can be emitted from gasoline – powered engines, natural gas heating system, oil, coal, propane, wood and other materials which may also release CO when burned.

Carbon monoxide

Is a metal found in natural deposits as ores containing other elements. is a bluish-white lustrous metal It is very soft, highly malleable, ductile, and a relatively poor conductor of electricity. It is very resistant to corrosion but tarnishes upon exposure to air.

Lead

It is a gaseous signaling molecule nitric oxide (NO), also called nitrogen monoxide, colorless toxic gas that is formed by the oxidation of nitrogen. Nitric oxide combines with water vapor in the atmosphere to form nitric acid, which is one of the components of acid rain.

Nitrogen oxide

A gas composed of three atoms of oxygen Bluish gas that is harmful to breathe It absorbs a band of ultraviolet radiation called UVB Ozone is a gas that occurs both in the earth’s upper atmosphere and at ground level.

Ozone

It is a complex mixture of air borne particles that differ in size, origin and chemical E.g. dust, smoke, soot The most harmful of all air pollutants

Particulate Matter

The most common ==== is sulphur dioxide (SO2). Colorless gas that is similar in smell to a matchstick being struck. It has significant health and environmental effects, including the formation of acid rain and smog and influences global warming.

Sulfur oxide

It is a “**change in the state of the climate** which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability **observed over comparable time period.**

Climate Change

# Effects of Climate Change MG GW CLM BD CHB

* Melting of glaciers * Global Warming * Change in landmarks (Continents) * On Biodiversity * Change in Human being

# Effects of Climate Change * a process where the ice changes from solid to liquid or water. * Sea levels are also at a record high, having risen by an average of 4.62 millimeters per year between 2013 and 2022. * The world's 40-odd reference glaciers those for which long-term observations exist saw an average thickness loss of more than 1.3 meters between October 2021 and October 2022—a loss much larger than the average over the last decade.

Melting of Glaciers

# Effects of Climate Change It is a phenomenon where the earth's average temperature rises due to increased amounts of greenhouse gases. The annual mean global near-surface temperature for each year between 2023 and 2027 is predicted to be between 1.1°C and 1.8°C higher than the 1850-1900 average. Temperatures are predicted to rise by between 1.08C and 1.32C, which will mark the 10th year in a row that global temperatures will reach at least 1C above average.

Global Warming

# Effects of Climate Change As global temperature continues to rise, bringing with it a slew of freak effects from flooding and drought to wildfires and heatwaves, many of the world’s most stunning landmarks are under threat.

Change in Landmark ## Footnote Australia's Great Barrier Reef Millions of dollars are being spent on measures aimed at restoring the health of the Great Barrier Reef. These include improving the water quality around the reef and reducing the amount of sediment entering it. Global warming poses the biggest threat, however, and if steps aren't taken to stem this, the damage could continue.

# Effects of Climate Change The environmental changes being driven by climate change are disturbing natural habitats and species in ways that are still only becoming clear. There are signs that rising temperatures are affecting biodiversity, while changing rainfall patterns, extreme weather events, and ocean acidification are putting pressure on species already threatened by other human activities.

On Biodiversity ## Footnote A major impact of climate change on biodiversity is the increase in the intensity and frequency of fires, storms or periods of drought. Rising global temperatures also have the potential to alter ecosystems over longer periods by changing what can grow and live within them. There is already evidence to suggest that reductions in water vapour in the atmosphere since the 1990s has resulted in 59% of vegetated areas showing pronounced browning and reduced growth rates worldwide. Corals are particularly vulnerable to rising temperatures and ocean acidification can make it harder for shellfish and corals in the upper ocean to form shells and hard skeletons

# Effects of Climate Change Climate change increases the risk of illness through increasing temperature, more frequent heavy rains and runoff, and the effects of storms. Death and illness from increasingly frequent extreme weather events, such as heatwaves, storms and flood. Increase in food – water borne disease includes diarrhea, cholera, typhoid etc. Increase vector borne diseases such as dengue, malaria etc.

Change in Human being

Organic contaminants include the presence of **chemically active compounds that are discharged from industries.**

Contamination by Organic Substance

* Organic contaminants include the presence of chemically active compounds that are discharged from industries. * These may reach marine water through migration from source by water currents. * The most harmful organic contaminants is the ----

Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT).

* It was initially used with great effect to combat ----, and the other insect-borne human diseases among both military and civilian populations. * It also was effective for insect control in crop and livestock production, institutions, homes, and gardens. * In the late 1950s and 1960s, U.S. Department of Agriculture prohibit many of DDT's uses because of mounting evidence of the pesticide's declining benefits and environmental and toxicological effects. * In 1972, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued a cancellation order for DDT based on its adverse environmental effects, such as those to wildlife, as well as its potential human health risks. * DDT exposure can occur by eating, breathing, or touching products contaminated with DDT. * Laboratory animal studies show DDT exposure can affect the liver and reproduction. * DDT is a possible _____.

Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT). malaria, typhus human carcinogen

It is the **excessive enrichment of a body of water** with minerals or nutrients which induces **excessive growth of plants or algae.** Mainly arises from the **oversupply of phosphate and nitrate nutrients.** Derived from the Greek word “eutrophia” which means ----.

eutrophication “nourish well”

# Types of Eutrophication Climate change, geology, and external influences are critical in regulating the natural productivity of lakes. Natural process is very slow, occurring on geological time scale.

Natural Eutrophication

# Types of Eutrophication Is the process that speeds up natural eutrophication because of human activities. Due to urbanization, industrial/domestic runoff,and detergents is accelerated and more nutrients such as phosphates and nitrates are supplied to lakes and rivers, and then to coastal estuaries and bays. Extra nutrients are also supplied by treatment plants, fertilizers, farms, as well as untreated sewage in many cities.

Cultural Eutrophication

# Mechanisms of Eutrophication Eutrophication arises from the oversupply of nutrients, which leads to overgrowth of plants and algae. After such organisms die, the bacterial degradation of biomass consumes the oxygen in the water, thereby creating the state of ________. The primary limiting factor of eutrophication are phosphates and nitrates which tightly adhere to the soil, so it is mainly transported by leaching and erosion. Once translocated to lakes, the extraction of phosphates becomes tough, hence the difficulty of reversing the effects of eutrophication. The water becomes cloudy with a green, red, yellow shade indicating the algal blooms. These blooms block the penetration of sunlight into the water body, apparently the dissolved oxygen level in the water body also decrease. The death of organisms and life forms increases the level of organic and inorganic matter, which requires large amount of oxygen for decomposition. The depletion of oxygen level leads to the accumulation of nutrients unable to decomposed. Slowly the aquatic ecosystem is converted from aerobic to anaerobic condition, increasing the number of anaerobes gives a pungent odor generally produced by methanogens and sulfur bacteria. Therefore, the water ecosystem can no longer support life also causing hazardous effects to the environment.

hypoxia

# Sources of Eutrophication 1. --- * - Directly attributable to one influence. * - the nutrient waste travels directly from source of water. * - relatively easy to regulate 2. --- * - comes from diffused sources * - difficult to regulate and usually vary spatially and temporally.

Point sources Non- point sources

# Control of Eutrophication * Sources of ____ need to be checked and prevented from entering the water body. * Timely removal of sediments and overgrown aquatic plants from the water bodies. * Stimulation of algal food web. * Industrial, municipal and domestic outflow need to be treated prior to releasing. * Use of fertilizers should be avoided. * Physiochemical methods to be adopted for the removal of excessive dissolved nutrients.

nitrogen and phosphorus

* also known as alien species, invasive species, non - indigenous species, and bio invaders. * **Any organisms that happens to live outside its natural distribution range** as a consequence of anthropogenic activity, or activities through deliberate or accidental introduction to a new habitat. * Species become invasive when the population starts to increase through reproduction if no natural enemies in the new habitat.

Exotic Species ## Footnote * Species that have been moved by humans to areas outside of their native ranges. * Once transported, they become removed from the predators, parasites, and diseases that kept them balance in their native environments. * As a result of the loss of these controls, they often become pests in the areas into which they are introduced.

# Introduction and Spread if Invasive Species CC ET T CR BCP

Climate change Economic and Trade Tourism Conflict and reconstruction Biological control pests

Openness of a country’s economy and the composition of its trade route Globalization – faster trade increases trade in live stock, nursery stock, agricultural produce and forest

Economic Trade

Changes in species distribution and in their abundance within existing distribution as a result of direct physiological impacts on individual species and changes in abiotic factors, reproduction and recruitment opportunities, and interspecific interactions. Conducive environment for invasive species

Climate Change

Breakdown of phytosanitary and animal health controls and management systems. Vulnerable to the entry of pests and diseases - lack of inspection and border control - increase unregulated movement of military personnel and refugee. Displaced people and their belongings Increase smuggling

Conflict and Reconstruction

Travelers can intentionally transport living plants and animal species that can become invasive or they can carry fruit and other living or preserved plant materials that contain potentially invasive insects and diseases that can have profound effects on agriculture, forestry and other sectors. Travelers can be vectors for parasites and diseases.

Tourism

The intentional importation and release of insects, snails, plant pathogens and nematodes for biological control pests. Such species can escape into other unintended areas

Biological Control of Pests

# Characteristics of Invasive Species * Lack of ________ * fast growth * ________ and abundance in their native range * Rapid reproduction * High dispersal ability * ____ * High adaptability and tolerance * Wide range of food

natural predators Widespread distribution Utilizing limited resources more efficient

# Some Exotic Species in the PH

1. Cane toad 2. Golden Apple Snail 3. Water Hyacinth 4. Mahogany

# Impact of Exotic Species * Alteration and degradation of habitat * Biodiversity loss * They can suppose a ____ * They can suppose a ________ on economy, natural resources and tourism.

health problem negative impac