CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Ecology Flashcards
INTRODUCTION TO ECOLOGY
- Also called bioecology, bionomics, or environmental biology
- Study of __________ between living organisms and their environment
- Composed of abiotic (nonliving) and biotic (living) organisms
- Coined by ______ ______: “_______” - house; “logos” - study
__________– relation of the animal both to its organic as well as its inorganic environment
Ecology is defined as the science of biological systems (biosystems) above the _________ level
Ecology
relationships/ interactions
Ernst Haeckel
“oikos”
Oekologie
organism
INTRODUCTION TO ECOLOGY
It is studied at various levels:
_________ – part of the earth that contains all ecosystems
ex. earth
Ecosystem – community and _________ _________
ex. Hawk, snake, bison, prairie, dog, grass, stream, rocks, air
Community – ________ _____ ______ ______ in a defined area
ex. Hawk, snake, bison, prairie, dog, grass
________ – a group of organisms of one type that live in the same area
ex. Bison herd
________ – an individual living thing
ex. bison
Biosphere
its nonliving surroundings
populations that live together
Population
Organism
INTRODUCTION TO ECOLOGY
The study of Ecology deals with:
- _________distribution of an abundance of organisms,
- The ________ changes in the occurrence, abundance and activities of an organisms,
- The ________ between organisms, communities and populations,
- The ___________ ___________ ____ ___________ ___________ of organisms to change in environment,
- ________ of an organisms under natural environment
- ________ of organisms and ________ to mankind
- The development of ________ ________ for predictive purposes
- Spatial
- temporal
- interrelations
- structural adaptation and functional adjustments
- Behavior
- Productivity ; energy
- interactive models
INTRODUCTION TO ECOLOGY
The interrelation of organisms and the environment;
1. An organism & its p____________,
2. An organism & its n____________,
3. An organism & its o____________ ,
4. An organism & o___________,
5. A group of organisms & an o___________ and
6. A community to a c___________ (or) due to
a. The effect of environment over an o___________,
b. The effect of environment over a g___________,
c. The change of environment over o___________ and
d. The change of environment over a c__________
- place of living
- neighbor
- own community
- other communities
- organism
- community
a. organism
b. group of organisms
c. over life
d. change of environment
INTRODUCTION TO ECOLOGY
Principles of Ecology
- P____________ ____________ and species’ subdivisions will conserve genetic diversity.
- M____________ ____________ is fundamental to conserving species.
- L__________ __________ __________ _________ _______ ________ than smaller areas with similar habitat
- A________ _________ _________ but the nature and strength of those connections vary.
- D____________ ________________ ________________ of populations, communities, and ecosystems.
- C____________ ____________ terrestrial, freshwater and marine ecosystems.
- Protection of species
- Maintaining habitat
- large areas usually contain more species
- all things are connected
- disturbances shape characteristics
- climate influences
Does environmentalists are same from ecologist?
Ecologist deals with __________
Environmentalists focus on the __________.
basic science, natural phenomenon.
environment, how it should be conserved and how it is being degraded
- The accumulation of scientific knowledge has been momentously amplified through the use of _________ ___________.
- Scientific method is a _________ ___ ________________ ___ __________ leading to the discovery of facts and the relationships that exist between facts.
scientific method
logical and orderly procedure of investigation
A system consists of “regularly interacting and interdependent components forming a unified whole”
Systems containing living (biotic) and nonliving (abiotic) components constitute the biosystems.
Biosystems range from _________ systems to ecological systems
_______ - the living and the nonliving components together. A community that functions together with the abiotic components of a biosystem is called an ecological system or ecosystem.
genetic
Biosystems
12 levels of Organization of Living Things
AMOCTOOOPCEB
ATOMS
MOLECULES
ORGANELLES
CELLS
TISSUES
ORGANS
ORGAN SYSTEMS
ORGANISMS
POPULATION
COMMUNITY
ECOSYSTEM
BIOSPHERE
12 levels of Organization of Living Things
- The first level of organization
- Fundamental unit of matter
ATOMS
12 levels of Organization of Living Things
Smallest version of an element or compound that still retain its chemical properties
MOLECULES
12 levels of Organization of Living Things
Third level of organization
Eukaryotic cells, the largest ________; nucleus
ORGANELLES
12 levels of Organization of Living Things
Fourth level of organization
Fundamental unit of life/ Basic unit of life
Found at the lowest level of the biological organization
English biologist Robert Hooke.
All life processes inside a cell involves transformation of energy and matter
CELLS
12 levels of Organization of Living Things
a collection of cells with similar structure that perform a similar or even the same task.
4 types of tissues in the human body: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous
TISSUES
12 levels of Organization of Living Things
The sixth Level of Organization
a collection of tissues that work together to complete a common task.
ORGANS
12 levels of Organization of Living Things
The Seventh Level of Organization
a collection of organs that serve similar functions
ORGAN SYSTEMS
12 Levels of Organization of Living Things
includes all individual beings capable of reproduction, growth, mobility, and response to stimuli. and nervous.
________ are divided into two broad categories: prokaryotes and eukaryotes
ORGANISMS
12 levels of Organization of Living Things
defined as the total of all of the same species of organisms living in a particular area
POPULATION
12 Levels of Organization of Living Things
The Tenth level of Organization
a group of two or more different species interacting in a specific area
COMMUNITY
12 levels of Organization of Living Things
collection of organisms in a particular area interacting with their environment.
include their interactions with the nonliving parts of their environment, like sunlight, temperature, water, oxygen, and nutrients.
ECOSYSTEM
12 levels of Organization of Living Things
a collection of all of the ecosystems on earth.
incorporates all forms of life as well as the elements of the Atmosphere, Hydrosphere, and Lithosphere, and accounts for all of the relationships between them.
BIOSPHERE
anything that occupies space and has mass
made up of atoms which are extremely minute particles that contain smaller particles ( protons, neutrons, electrons)
Matter
- substances that consist of one type of atoms.
> 110 elements known
Of the 110 elements, ________ is naturally occurring
Of the — naturally occurring elements, living things are composed of only about _ elements
6 elements of those 26 make up all of the weight of most living things.
Other 20 elements essential for life are present in very small amounts (trace elements) e.g. Fe, I,
Elements
92
26
- Six most abundant elements: CHONPS
H -
O -
C -
N -
P & S combined –
59%
24%
11%
4%
2%
Classification of Ecology
A. Based on Area
________ – deals with individual studies of species of organisms and its population. It focuses on the studies of behavior and adaptation of a particular species to the environmental condition every stage of the individual life cycle. It is also called species ecology.
________ – deals with the study of communities, their composition, their behavior and related to their environment. It is also called Ecology of communities.
Divided into 3 types:
- ________ Ecology
- ________ Ecology
- ________ Ecology
Autecology
Synecology
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Classification of Ecology
B. Based on the Environment or habitat
Aquatic Ecology – the study of interactions of organisms in water
Marine Water Ecology - Ocean, Sea, and Estuaries
Fresh Water Ecology
_______ (running water) - River, Streams, and Springs
_______ (Standing water) - Ponds and Lakes
Terrestrial Ecology - Grassland, Forest, and Dessert
Lotic
Lentic
It is a community or group of living organisms that live in and interact with each other in a specific environment.
Ecosystems
ECOSYSTEMS
terrestrial ecosystems that are present in a large geographical area having similar vegetation type.
biomes
ECOSYSTEMS
- the biomes together with the aquatic ecosystems of the world
consists of :
a) outer layer or the earth’s crust
b) bodies of water
c) lower layer of the atmosphere (where the elements of weather and climate are)
These are the three layers of areas where life exists or where factors that influence life happen.
biosphere
Functions of the ecosystem are as follows:
- It regulates the essential ecological processes, supports life systems and —–
- Also responsible for the ——- between biotic and abiotic components
- ——- among the various trophic levels in the ecosystem
- ——- through the biosphere
- Abiotic components help in the ——– that involves the exchange of energy
renders stability
cycling of nutrients
Maintains balance
Cycles the minerals
synthesis of organic components
Types of Ecosystems
Natural Ecosystem - these operate under —– without any interference from humans.
——- Ecosystem: Forest, grassland, desert, tundra, etc,
Aquatic Ecosystem: Freshwater ecosystem (Lentic and lotic), Marine Ecosystems.
Artificial Ecosystem – these are maintained artificially by man whereby addition of energy and planned manipulation, —— e.g, cropland ecosystem
natural conditions
Terrestrial
natural balance is disturbed regularly
Types of Ecosystems: Natural, Terrestrial, Aquatic, Artificial Ecosystem
Two Major Categories of Ecosystem
—- ecosystems are ecosystems found only in land, these include tropical rainforests, deserts, grasslands, deciduous forests, tundra, and taiga
—– ecosystems are ecosystems found in bodies of water; include lakes, rivers, ponds, wetlands, oceans, and seas
Terrestrial
Aquatic
Two Major Categories of Ecosystem: Terrestrial and Aquatic
Components of Ecosystem
2 Living Components of Ecosystems
- Autotrophs –
- Heterotrophs –
Animals are consumers:
Herbivores - plants
Carnivores - meat/ flesh
Omnivores - both plants, meat/ flesh
Microorganisms can be either:
Saprotrophs
Detritus feeders
produces
consumers
Components of Ecosystem
Consist of nonliving chemicals and physical components such as water, air, nutrients in the soil, solar energy, temperature, nutrients, wind, altitude, turbidity, etc
—— can act as LIMITING FACTORS that keep a population at a certain level. (water scarcity, air pollution, changing the temperature to adverse levels, harsh climate, and limited space.)
Types of AF:
- includes rain, temperature, light, wind, etc,.
- include soil, pH, topography, minerals, etc,.
Abiotic Components
Abiotic factors
Climatic factors
Edaphic factors
Components of Ecosystem
any living component that affects another organism or shapes the ecosystem.
Based on nutrition, biotic components can be categorized into —-, —-, —-
Biotic Components
autotrophs, heterotrophs and saprotrophs (or decomposers)
Categories of Biotic Factors
Producers include all autotrophs such as plants. They are called autotrophs as ——. Consequently, all other organisms higher up on the food chain rely on producers for food.
Consumers or heterotrophs are organisms that —–. Consumers are further classified into primary consumers, secondary consumers and tertiary consumers.
Decomposers include saprophytes such as fungi and bacteria. They directly thrive on the ——. Decomposers are essential for the ecosystem as they help in recycling.
they can produce food through the process of photosynthesis
depend on other organisms for food
dead and decaying organic matter
Four Major Areas of Ecology
Physiological ecology - focuses on the —– such as light, temperature, humidity.
Population ecology - concerned on the —- and the factors that cause that distribution.
Community ecology - investigates the — and their interaction.
Ecosystem ecology - studies the structure and function of the entire suite of microbes, flora and fauna and abiotic factors in the environment.
This subcategory explains how the parts interact or generate the whole.
response of single species to environmental conditions
abundance and distribution of individual species
number of species found at given location
Energy Flow of organisms in Ecosystem
The chemical energy of food is the main source of energy required by all living organisms. This energy is transmitted to different trophic levels along the food chain.
Energy flow is based on two different laws of thermodynamics:
First law of thermodynamics, that states that energy —–, it can only change from one form to another.
Second law of thermodynamics, that states that as —–
can neither be created nor destroyed
energy is transferred more and more of it is wasted.
3 different types of food chains in the ecosystem
Grazing food chain (GFC) – This is the normal food chain that we observe in which plants are the producers and the energy flows from the —- (primary consumers), then to carnivores (secondary consumers) and so on.
Saprophytic or Detritus food chain (DFC) – In this type of food chain, the —- occupies the lowermost level of the food chain, followed by the decomposers and so on.
Parasitic food chain (PFC) – In this type of food chain, large organisms either the —— and therefore the food passes to the smaller organism
producers to the herbivores
dead organic matter
producer or the consumer is exploited
ENERGY USERS
- PRODUCERS -(Plants use light energy to produce food as chemical energy)
- Primary consumers- Carnivores –feed on —- and get energy from plants.
- Secondary consumers-feed on —– consumers and get energy form them.
- Tertiary consumers- feed on —- consumers and get energy.
- Decomposers- decaying organisms
herbivores
primary
secondary
