CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Ecology

Question 1

INTRODUCTION TO ECOLOGY

• Also called bioecology, bionomics, or environmental biology
• Study of __________ between living organisms and their environment
• Composed of abiotic (nonliving) and biotic (living) organisms
• Coined by ______ ______: “_______” - house; “logos” - study

__________– relation of the animal both to its organic as well as its inorganic environment

Ecology is defined as the science of biological systems (biosystems) above the _________ level

Answer 1

Ecology
relationships/ interactions
Ernst Haeckel
“oikos”
Oekologie
organism

Question 2

INTRODUCTION TO ECOLOGY

It is studied at various levels:

_________ – part of the earth that contains all ecosystems
ex. earth

Ecosystem – community and _________ _________
ex. Hawk, snake, bison, prairie, dog, grass, stream, rocks, air

Community – ________ _____ ______ ______ in a defined area
ex. Hawk, snake, bison, prairie, dog, grass

________ – a group of organisms of one type that live in the same area
ex. Bison herd

________ – an individual living thing
ex. bison

Answer 2

Biosphere
its nonliving surroundings
populations that live together
Population
Organism

Question 3

INTRODUCTION TO ECOLOGY

The study of Ecology deals with:

1. _________distribution of an abundance of organisms,
2. The ________ changes in the occurrence, abundance and activities of an organisms,
3. The ________ between organisms, communities and populations,
4. The ___________ ___________ ____ ___________ ___________ of organisms to change in environment,
5. ________ of an organisms under natural environment
6. ________ of organisms and ________ to mankind
7. The development of ________ ________ for predictive purposes

Answer 3

1. Spatial
2. temporal
3. interrelations
4. structural adaptation and functional adjustments
5. Behavior
6. Productivity ; energy
7. interactive models

Question 4

INTRODUCTION TO ECOLOGY

The interrelation of organisms and the environment;
1. An organism & its p____________,
2. An organism & its n____________,
3. An organism & its o____________ ,
4. An organism & o___________,
5. A group of organisms & an o___________ and
6. A community to a c___________ (or) due to
a. The effect of environment over an o___________,
b. The effect of environment over a g___________,
c. The change of environment over o___________ and
d. The change of environment over a c__________

Answer 4

1. place of living
2. neighbor
3. own community
4. other communities
5. organism
6. community
   a. organism
   b. group of organisms
   c. over life
   d. change of environment

Question 5

INTRODUCTION TO ECOLOGY

Principles of Ecology

1. P____________ ____________ and species’ subdivisions will conserve genetic diversity.
2. M____________ ____________ is fundamental to conserving species.
3. L__________ __________ __________ _________ _______ ________ than smaller areas with similar habitat
4. A________ _________ _________ but the nature and strength of those connections vary.
5. D____________ ________________ ________________ of populations, communities, and ecosystems.
6. C____________ ____________ terrestrial, freshwater and marine ecosystems.

Answer 5

1. Protection of species
2. Maintaining habitat
3. large areas usually contain more species
4. all things are connected
5. disturbances shape characteristics
6. climate influences

Question 6

Does environmentalists are same from ecologist?

Ecologist deals with __________

Environmentalists focus on the __________.

Answer 6

basic science, natural phenomenon.
environment, how it should be conserved and how it is being degraded

Question 7

• The accumulation of scientific knowledge has been momentously amplified through the use of _________ ___________.
• Scientific method is a _________ ___ ________________ ___ __________ leading to the discovery of facts and the relationships that exist between facts.

Answer 7

scientific method
logical and orderly procedure of investigation

Question 8

A system consists of “regularly interacting and interdependent components forming a unified whole”

Systems containing living (biotic) and nonliving (abiotic) components constitute the biosystems.

Biosystems range from _________ systems to ecological systems

_______ - the living and the nonliving components together. A community that functions together with the abiotic components of a biosystem is called an ecological system or ecosystem.

Answer 8

genetic
Biosystems

Question 9

12 levels of Organization of Living Things

AMOCTOOOPCEB

Answer 9

ATOMS
MOLECULES
ORGANELLES
CELLS
TISSUES
ORGANS
ORGAN SYSTEMS
ORGANISMS
POPULATION
COMMUNITY
ECOSYSTEM
BIOSPHERE

Question 10

12 levels of Organization of Living Things

• The first level of organization
• Fundamental unit of matter

Answer 10

ATOMS

Question 11

12 levels of Organization of Living Things

Smallest version of an element or compound that still retain its chemical properties

Answer 11

MOLECULES

Question 12

12 levels of Organization of Living Things

Third level of organization

Eukaryotic cells, the largest ________; nucleus

Answer 12

ORGANELLES

Question 13

12 levels of Organization of Living Things

Fourth level of organization

Fundamental unit of life/ Basic unit of life

Found at the lowest level of the biological organization

English biologist Robert Hooke.

All life processes inside a cell involves transformation of energy and matter

Answer 13

CELLS

Question 14

12 levels of Organization of Living Things

a collection of cells with similar structure that perform a similar or even the same task.

4 types of tissues in the human body: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous

Answer 14

TISSUES

Question 15

12 levels of Organization of Living Things

The sixth Level of Organization

a collection of tissues that work together to complete a common task.

Answer 15

ORGANS

Question 16

12 levels of Organization of Living Things

The Seventh Level of Organization

a collection of organs that serve similar functions

Answer 16

ORGAN SYSTEMS

Question 17

12 Levels of Organization of Living Things

includes all individual beings capable of reproduction, growth, mobility, and response to stimuli. and nervous.

________ are divided into two broad categories: prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Answer 17

ORGANISMS

Question 18

12 levels of Organization of Living Things

defined as the total of all of the same species of organisms living in a particular area

Answer 18

POPULATION

Question 19

12 Levels of Organization of Living Things

The Tenth level of Organization

a group of two or more different species interacting in a specific area

Answer 19

COMMUNITY

Question 20

12 levels of Organization of Living Things

collection of organisms in a particular area interacting with their environment.

include their interactions with the nonliving parts of their environment, like sunlight, temperature, water, oxygen, and nutrients.

Answer 20

ECOSYSTEM

Question 21

12 levels of Organization of Living Things

a collection of all of the ecosystems on earth.

incorporates all forms of life as well as the elements of the Atmosphere, Hydrosphere, and Lithosphere, and accounts for all of the relationships between them.

Answer 21

BIOSPHERE

Question 22

anything that occupies space and has mass

made up of atoms which are extremely minute particles that contain smaller particles ( protons, neutrons, electrons)

Answer 22

Matter

Question 23

• substances that consist of one type of atoms.

> 110 elements known

Of the 110 elements, ________ is naturally occurring

Of the — naturally occurring elements, living things are composed of only about _ elements

6 elements of those 26 make up all of the weight of most living things.

Other 20 elements essential for life are present in very small amounts (trace elements) e.g. Fe, I,

Answer 23

Elements
92
26

Question 24

• Six most abundant elements: CHONPS

H -

O -

C -

N -

P & S combined –

Answer 24

59%
24%
11%
4%
2%

Question 25

# Classification of Ecology A. Based on Area ________ – deals with individual studies of species of organisms and its population. It focuses on the studies of behavior and adaptation of a particular species to the environmental condition every stage of the individual life cycle. It is also called species ecology. ________ – deals with the study of communities, their composition, their behavior and related to their environment. It is also called Ecology of communities. Divided into 3 types: * ________ Ecology * ________ Ecology * ________ Ecology

Answer 25

Autecology Synecology Population Community Ecosystem

Question 26

# Classification of Ecology B. Based on the Environment or habitat Aquatic Ecology – the study of interactions of organisms in water Marine Water Ecology - Ocean, Sea, and Estuaries Fresh Water Ecology _______ (running water) - River, Streams, and Springs _______ (Standing water) - Ponds and Lakes Terrestrial Ecology - Grassland, Forest, and Dessert

Answer 26

Lotic Lentic

Question 27

It is a community or group of living organisms that live in and interact with each other in a specific environment.

Answer 27

Ecosystems

Question 28

# ECOSYSTEMS terrestrial ecosystems that are present in a large geographical area having similar vegetation type.

Answer 28

biomes

Question 29

# ECOSYSTEMS - the biomes together with the aquatic ecosystems of the world consists of : a) outer layer or the earth’s crust b) bodies of water c) lower layer of the atmosphere (where the elements of weather and climate are) ## Footnote These are the three layers of areas where life exists or where factors that influence life happen.

Answer 29

biosphere

Question 30

# Functions of the ecosystem are as follows: 1. It regulates the essential ecological processes, supports life systems and ----- 2. Also responsible for the ------- between biotic and abiotic components 3. ------- among the various trophic levels in the ecosystem 4. ------- through the biosphere 5. Abiotic components help in the -------- that involves the exchange of energy

Answer 30

renders stability cycling of nutrients Maintains balance Cycles the minerals synthesis of organic components

Question 31

# Types of Ecosystems Natural Ecosystem - these operate under ----- without any interference from humans. ------- Ecosystem: Forest, grassland, desert, tundra, etc, Aquatic Ecosystem: Freshwater ecosystem (Lentic and lotic), Marine Ecosystems. Artificial Ecosystem – these are maintained artificially by man whereby addition of energy and planned manipulation, ------ e.g, cropland ecosystem

Answer 31

natural conditions Terrestrial natural balance is disturbed regularly | Types of Ecosystems: Natural, Terrestrial, Aquatic, Artificial Ecosystem

Question 32

# Two Major Categories of Ecosystem ---- ecosystems are ecosystems found only in land, these include tropical rainforests, deserts, grasslands, deciduous forests, tundra, and taiga ----- ecosystems are ecosystems found in bodies of water; include lakes, rivers, ponds, wetlands, oceans, and seas

Answer 32

Terrestrial Aquatic | Two Major Categories of Ecosystem: Terrestrial and Aquatic

Question 33

# Components of Ecosystem 2 Living Components of Ecosystems 1. Autotrophs – 2. Heterotrophs – Animals are consumers: Herbivores - plants Carnivores - meat/ flesh Omnivores - both plants, meat/ flesh Microorganisms can be either: Saprotrophs Detritus feeders

Answer 33

produces consumers

Question 34

# Components of Ecosystem Consist of nonliving chemicals and physical components such as water, air, nutrients in the soil, solar energy, temperature, nutrients, wind, altitude, turbidity, etc ------ can act as LIMITING FACTORS that keep a population at a certain level. (water scarcity, air pollution, changing the temperature to adverse levels, harsh climate, and limited space.) Types of AF: - includes rain, temperature, light, wind, etc,. - include soil, pH, topography, minerals, etc,.

Answer 34

Abiotic Components Abiotic factors Climatic factors Edaphic factors

Question 35

# Components of Ecosystem any living component that affects another organism or shapes the ecosystem. Based on nutrition, biotic components can be categorized into ----, ----, ----

Answer 35

Biotic Components autotrophs, heterotrophs and saprotrophs (or decomposers)

Question 36

# Categories of Biotic Factors Producers include all autotrophs such as plants. They are called autotrophs as ------. Consequently, all other organisms higher up on the food chain rely on producers for food. Consumers or heterotrophs are organisms that -----. Consumers are further classified into primary consumers, secondary consumers and tertiary consumers. Decomposers include saprophytes such as fungi and bacteria. They directly thrive on the ------. Decomposers are essential for the ecosystem as they help in recycling.

Answer 36

they can produce food through the process of photosynthesis depend on other organisms for food dead and decaying organic matter

Question 37

# Four Major Areas of Ecology Physiological ecology - focuses on the ----- such as light, temperature, humidity. Population ecology - concerned on the ---- and the factors that cause that distribution. Community ecology - investigates the --- and their interaction. Ecosystem ecology - studies the structure and function of the entire suite of microbes, flora and fauna and abiotic factors in the environment. This subcategory explains how the parts interact or generate the whole.

Answer 37

response of single species to environmental conditions abundance and distribution of individual species number of species found at given location

Question 38

# Energy Flow of organisms in Ecosystem The chemical energy of food is the main source of energy required by all living organisms. This energy is transmitted to different trophic levels along the food chain. Energy flow is based on two different laws of thermodynamics: First law of thermodynamics, that states that energy -----, it can only change from one form to another. Second law of thermodynamics, that states that as -----

Answer 38

can neither be created nor destroyed energy is transferred more and more of it is wasted.

Question 39

# 3 different types of food chains in the ecosystem Grazing food chain (GFC) – This is the normal food chain that we observe in which plants are the producers and the energy flows from the ---- (primary consumers), then to carnivores (secondary consumers) and so on. Saprophytic or Detritus food chain (DFC) – In this type of food chain, the ---- occupies the lowermost level of the food chain, followed by the decomposers and so on. Parasitic food chain (PFC) – In this type of food chain, large organisms either the ------ and therefore the food passes to the smaller organism

Answer 39

producers to the herbivores dead organic matter producer or the consumer is exploited

Question 40

ENERGY USERS * PRODUCERS -(Plants use light energy to produce food as chemical energy) * Primary consumers- Carnivores –feed on ---- and get energy from plants. * Secondary consumers-feed on ----- consumers and get energy form them. * Tertiary consumers- feed on ---- consumers and get energy. * Decomposers- decaying organisms

Answer 40

herbivores primary secondary