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EMT Crash Course > Chapter 7: AP Pt 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 7: AP Pt 2 Flashcards

1
Q

diaphragm

A

primary muscle of respiration

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2
Q

Diaphragm separates what two things?

A

thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity

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3
Q

___ is usually under ___ control but can be controlled ___

A

Diaphragm, involuntary, voluntarily

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4
Q

The ___ and ___ pass through the diaphragm

A

esophagus, great vessels

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5
Q

The ___ is ___ shaped until it contracts during ___, when it moves down and expands the size of the ___ ___

A

diaphragm, dome, inhalation, thoracic cavity

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6
Q

Intercostal muscles - location and physiology

A

located between ribs, contract during inhalation and expand thoracic cage

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7
Q

three terms for movement of air in and out of lungs

A
  1. respiration
  2. ventilation
  3. breathing
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8
Q

another term for ventilation

A

pulmonary ventilation

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9
Q

Inhalation through negative pressure breathing steps

A
  1. diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract
  2. thoracic cage expands
  3. pressure in chest cavity decreases
  4. air rushes in
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10
Q

___ is an ___ process and requires ___

A

Inhalation, active, energy

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11
Q

How much oxygen does atmospheric air contain?

A

21%

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12
Q

Exhalation steps

A
  1. diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax
  2. thoracic cage contracts
  3. pressure in chest cavity rises
  4. air is expelled
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13
Q

___ is a ___ process and does not require ___

A

Exhalation, passive, energy

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14
Q

How much oxygen does exhaled air contain?

A

16%

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15
Q

external respiration

A

the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and pulmonary capillaries

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16
Q

internal respiration

A

gas exchanged between the body’s cells and the systemic capillaries

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17
Q

cellular respiration

A

aerobic metabolism; uses oxygen to break down glucose to create energy

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18
Q

carbon dioxide drive

A

primary mechanism of breathing control for most people

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19
Q

The ___ monitors ___ ___ levels in the blood and ___ ___.

A

brain stem, carbon dioxide, blood, cerebrospinal fluid

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20
Q

High CO2 levels will stimulate an ___ in ___ rate and ___ ___

A

increase, respiratory, tidal volume

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21
Q

hypoxic drive

A

backup system to the CO2 drive

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22
Q

Where are the three locations containing specialized sensors that monitor oxygen levels?

A

brain, aorta, carotid arteries

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23
Q

Low ___ levels will stimulate ___.

A

oxygen, breathing

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24
Q

Which drive is more effective?

A

the CO2 drive is more effective than the hypoxic drive

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25
tidal volume
the amount of air inhaled or exhaled in one breath
26
residual volume
amount of air in the lungs after completely exhaling; keeps lungs open
27
inspiratory and expiratory reserve volume
amount of air you can still inhale or exhale after a normal breath
28
dead space
amount of air in the respiratory system not including alveoli
29
minute volume
respiratory rate * tidal volume
30
normal adult breathing rate
12 to 20 breaths per minute (bpm)
31
normal pediatric breathing rate
15 to 30 bpm
32
normal infant breathing rate
25 to 50 bpm
33
non-labored breathing traits
1. regular rhythm | 2. clear and equal breath sounds bilaterally
34
6 abnormal breathing traits
1. abnormal rate or tidal volume 2. labored breathing 3. muscle retractions (intercostal, supraclavicular, use of abdominal muscles) 4. abnormal skin color 5. tripod position 6. agonal breaths
35
intercostal
between the ribs
36
supraclavicular retractions
above the clavicles
37
tripod position
seated, leaning forward, and using the arms to help breath
38
agonal breaths
dying gasps; slow and shallow; will not move air into alveoli
39
circulatory system synonym
cardiovascular system
40
circulatory system includes?
all blood vessels, capillaries, and heart
41
the heart
muscular organ with two pumps, one on left side and one on right side
42
left pump function
1. receives oxygenated blood from lungs and sends it throughout body 2. stronger of two pumps with greater workload
43
right pump function
1. receives deoxygenated blood from body and sends it to lungs to drop off CO2 and pick up O2 on way to left heart
44
septal wall
divides heart into left and right sides
45
three layers of heart muscle and protective layer
1. endocardium 2. myocardium 3. epicardium 4. pericardium
46
endocardium
smooth, thin lining on inside of heart
47
myocardium
thick muscular wall of heart
48
epicardium
outermost layer of heart and innermost layer of pericardium
49
pericardium
fibrous sac surrounding heart
50
chambers and valves
atria, ventricles, heart valves
51
atria
two upper chambers of heart
52
atrial physiology
1. blood returning to heart on both sides enters atria | 2. atria pump blood into ventricles just before ventricles contract (atrial kick)
53
atrial kick
ventricles contract; helps increase cardiac output
54
ventricles
lower and larger chambers of heart
55
ventricle physiology
1. receive blood from atria | 2. send blood out of heart during ventricular contraction (generate pulse)
56
The ___ ventricle sends ___ ___ blood throughout the body under ___ pressure.
left, oxygen-rich, high
57
The ___ ventricle sends ___ ___ blood to the ___ under ___ pressure.
right, oxygen-depleted, lungs, low
58
heart valves
one-way valves between atria and ventricles
59
heart valve physiology
1. allow blood to move in a downward direction into ventricles during atrial contraction 2. close during contraction to prevent regurgitation of blood into atria
60
cardiac conduction system
heart's electrical system; generates electrical impulses from 3 places which stimulate contraction of the heart muscle
61
sinoatrial (SA) node
primary power plant of heart; normal impulses are 60-100 times per minute (adult bpm)
62
adult bpm
60-100/min
63
atrioventricular (AV) junction
backup pacemaker; generates 40-60 impulses/min
64
bundle of His
final pacemaker; generates 20-40 impulses/min
65
The ___, like the ___, is extremely intolerant of a lack of ___.
heart, brain, oxygen
66
The ___ receives blood flow from the ___ ___, which branch off of the ___.
heart, coronary arteries, aorta
67
___ output (___) will cease if the heart is unable to generate ___ ___ or if the heart muscle is too damage do respond to the ___.
Cardiac, circulation, electrical impulses, impulses
68
myocardial contractility
the heart's ability to contract
69
Adequate contractility requires adequate ___ ___ and ___ ___
1. blood volume | 2. muscle strength
70
preload
precontraction pressure based on the amount of blood coming back to the heart
71
Increased ___ leads to increased stretching of the ___ and increased ___ ___.
preload, ventricles, myocardial contractility
72
afterload
resistance the heart must overcome during ventricular contraction
73
Increased ___ leads to decreased ___ ___.
afterload, cardiac output
74
blood flow step 1
vena cava returns blood to right side of heart into right atrium
75
blood flow step 2
right atrium pumps blood into the right ventricle
76
blood flow step 3
right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood through the pulmonary arteries
77
blood flow step 4
blood enters lungs
78
blood flow step 5
CO2 and O2 exchange occurs between alveoli and pulmonary capillaries
79
blood flow step 6
oxygen-rich blood from lungs returns to left heart through pulmonary veins
80
blood flow step 7
oxygenated blood enters left atrium
81
blood flow step 8
left atrium pumps blood into left ventricle
82
blood flow steps 9-10
left ventricle pumps blood to aorta for circulation throughout body
83
___ always carry blood away from the heart, and ___ always carry blood toward the heart.
Arteries, veins
84
___ artery is the one artery in the body that carries deoxygenated blood
Pulmonary
85
___ vein is the only vein in the body that carries oxygen-rich blood
Pulmonary
86
SVR definition
Systemic Vascular Resistance; resistance to blood flow throughout the body (excluding pulmonary system)
87
What determines SVR?
size of blood vessels
88
What increases SVR?
constriction of blood vessels (increases blood pressure)
89
What decreases SVR?
dilation of blood vessels (lowers blood pressure)
90
Arterial pulses - central pulses (2)
1. carotid pulse | 2. femoral pulse
91
How can carotid pulse be felt?
by palpating the carotid artery in the neck during contraction of the left ventricle
92
How can femoral pulse be felt?
by palpating the femoral artery in the groin area during contraction of the left ventricle
93
Arterial pulses - peripheral pulses (3)
1. radial pulse 2. brachial pulse 3. dorsalis pedis
94
How can radial pulse be felt?
by palpating in the wrist on the radial (thumb) side
95
How can brachial pulse be felt?
1. by palpating the medial portion of the upper arm beneath the biceps muscle 2. by palpating the anterior medial area of arm where humerus meets forearm (elbow)
96
How can dorsalis pedis pulse be felt?
by palpating on top of the foot

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