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EMT Crash Course > Chapter 7: AP Pt 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 7: AP Pt 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

diaphragm

A

primary muscle of respiration

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2
Q

Diaphragm separates what two things?

A

thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity

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3
Q

___ is usually under ___ control but can be controlled ___

A

Diaphragm, involuntary, voluntarily

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4
Q

The ___ and ___ pass through the diaphragm

A

esophagus, great vessels

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5
Q

The ___ is ___ shaped until it contracts during ___, when it moves down and expands the size of the ___ ___

A

diaphragm, dome, inhalation, thoracic cavity

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6
Q

Intercostal muscles - location and physiology

A

located between ribs, contract during inhalation and expand thoracic cage

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7
Q

three terms for movement of air in and out of lungs

A
  1. respiration
  2. ventilation
  3. breathing
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8
Q

another term for ventilation

A

pulmonary ventilation

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9
Q

Inhalation through negative pressure breathing steps

A
  1. diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract
  2. thoracic cage expands
  3. pressure in chest cavity decreases
  4. air rushes in
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10
Q

___ is an ___ process and requires ___

A

Inhalation, active, energy

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11
Q

How much oxygen does atmospheric air contain?

A

21%

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12
Q

Exhalation steps

A
  1. diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax
  2. thoracic cage contracts
  3. pressure in chest cavity rises
  4. air is expelled
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13
Q

___ is a ___ process and does not require ___

A

Exhalation, passive, energy

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14
Q

How much oxygen does exhaled air contain?

A

16%

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15
Q

external respiration

A

the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and pulmonary capillaries

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16
Q

internal respiration

A

gas exchanged between the body’s cells and the systemic capillaries

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17
Q

cellular respiration

A

aerobic metabolism; uses oxygen to break down glucose to create energy

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18
Q

carbon dioxide drive

A

primary mechanism of breathing control for most people

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19
Q

The ___ monitors ___ ___ levels in the blood and ___ ___.

A

brain stem, carbon dioxide, blood, cerebrospinal fluid

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20
Q

High CO2 levels will stimulate an ___ in ___ rate and ___ ___

A

increase, respiratory, tidal volume

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21
Q

hypoxic drive

A

backup system to the CO2 drive

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22
Q

Where are the three locations containing specialized sensors that monitor oxygen levels?

A

brain, aorta, carotid arteries

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23
Q

Low ___ levels will stimulate ___.

A

oxygen, breathing

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24
Q

Which drive is more effective?

A

the CO2 drive is more effective than the hypoxic drive

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25
Q

tidal volume

A

the amount of air inhaled or exhaled in one breath

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26
Q

residual volume

A

amount of air in the lungs after completely exhaling; keeps lungs open

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27
Q

inspiratory and expiratory reserve volume

A

amount of air you can still inhale or exhale after a normal breath

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28
Q

dead space

A

amount of air in the respiratory system not including alveoli

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29
Q

minute volume

A

respiratory rate * tidal volume

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30
Q

normal adult breathing rate

A

12 to 20 breaths per minute (bpm)

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31
Q

normal pediatric breathing rate

A

15 to 30 bpm

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32
Q

normal infant breathing rate

A

25 to 50 bpm

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33
Q

non-labored breathing traits

A
  1. regular rhythm

2. clear and equal breath sounds bilaterally

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34
Q

6 abnormal breathing traits

A
  1. abnormal rate or tidal volume
  2. labored breathing
  3. muscle retractions (intercostal, supraclavicular, use of abdominal muscles)
  4. abnormal skin color
  5. tripod position
  6. agonal breaths
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35
Q

intercostal

A

between the ribs

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36
Q

supraclavicular retractions

A

above the clavicles

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37
Q

tripod position

A

seated, leaning forward, and using the arms to help breath

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38
Q

agonal breaths

A

dying gasps; slow and shallow; will not move air into alveoli

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39
Q

circulatory system synonym

A

cardiovascular system

40
Q

circulatory system includes?

A

all blood vessels, capillaries, and heart

41
Q

the heart

A

muscular organ with two pumps, one on left side and one on right side

42
Q

left pump function

A
  1. receives oxygenated blood from lungs and sends it throughout body
  2. stronger of two pumps with greater workload
43
Q

right pump function

A
  1. receives deoxygenated blood from body and sends it to lungs to drop off CO2 and pick up O2 on way to left heart
44
Q

septal wall

A

divides heart into left and right sides

45
Q

three layers of heart muscle and protective layer

A
  1. endocardium
  2. myocardium
  3. epicardium
  4. pericardium
46
Q

endocardium

A

smooth, thin lining on inside of heart

47
Q

myocardium

A

thick muscular wall of heart

48
Q

epicardium

A

outermost layer of heart and innermost layer of pericardium

49
Q

pericardium

A

fibrous sac surrounding heart

50
Q

chambers and valves

A

atria, ventricles, heart valves

51
Q

atria

A

two upper chambers of heart

52
Q

atrial physiology

A
  1. blood returning to heart on both sides enters atria

2. atria pump blood into ventricles just before ventricles contract (atrial kick)

53
Q

atrial kick

A

ventricles contract; helps increase cardiac output

54
Q

ventricles

A

lower and larger chambers of heart

55
Q

ventricle physiology

A
  1. receive blood from atria

2. send blood out of heart during ventricular contraction (generate pulse)

56
Q

The ___ ventricle sends ___ ___ blood throughout the body under ___ pressure.

A

left, oxygen-rich, high

57
Q

The ___ ventricle sends ___ ___ blood to the ___ under ___ pressure.

A

right, oxygen-depleted, lungs, low

58
Q

heart valves

A

one-way valves between atria and ventricles

59
Q

heart valve physiology

A
  1. allow blood to move in a downward direction into ventricles during atrial contraction
  2. close during contraction to prevent regurgitation of blood into atria
60
Q

cardiac conduction system

A

heart’s electrical system; generates electrical impulses from 3 places which stimulate contraction of the heart muscle

61
Q

sinoatrial (SA) node

A

primary power plant of heart; normal impulses are 60-100 times per minute (adult bpm)

62
Q

adult bpm

A

60-100/min

63
Q

atrioventricular (AV) junction

A

backup pacemaker; generates 40-60 impulses/min

64
Q

bundle of His

A

final pacemaker; generates 20-40 impulses/min

65
Q

The ___, like the ___, is extremely intolerant of a lack of ___.

A

heart, brain, oxygen

66
Q

The ___ receives blood flow from the ___ ___, which branch off of the ___.

A

heart, coronary arteries, aorta

67
Q

___ output (___) will cease if the heart is unable to generate ___ ___ or if the heart muscle is too damage do respond to the ___.

A

Cardiac, circulation, electrical impulses, impulses

68
Q

myocardial contractility

A

the heart’s ability to contract

69
Q

Adequate contractility requires adequate ___ ___ and ___ ___

A
  1. blood volume

2. muscle strength

70
Q

preload

A

precontraction pressure based on the amount of blood coming back to the heart

71
Q

Increased ___ leads to increased stretching of the ___ and increased ___ ___.

A

preload, ventricles, myocardial contractility

72
Q

afterload

A

resistance the heart must overcome during ventricular contraction

73
Q

Increased ___ leads to decreased ___ ___.

A

afterload, cardiac output

74
Q

blood flow step 1

A

vena cava returns blood to right side of heart into right atrium

75
Q

blood flow step 2

A

right atrium pumps blood into the right ventricle

76
Q

blood flow step 3

A

right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood through the pulmonary arteries

77
Q

blood flow step 4

A

blood enters lungs

78
Q

blood flow step 5

A

CO2 and O2 exchange occurs between alveoli and pulmonary capillaries

79
Q

blood flow step 6

A

oxygen-rich blood from lungs returns to left heart through pulmonary veins

80
Q

blood flow step 7

A

oxygenated blood enters left atrium

81
Q

blood flow step 8

A

left atrium pumps blood into left ventricle

82
Q

blood flow steps 9-10

A

left ventricle pumps blood to aorta for circulation throughout body

83
Q

___ always carry blood away from the heart, and ___ always carry blood toward the heart.

A

Arteries, veins

84
Q

___ artery is the one artery in the body that carries deoxygenated blood

A

Pulmonary

85
Q

___ vein is the only vein in the body that carries oxygen-rich blood

A

Pulmonary

86
Q

SVR definition

A

Systemic Vascular Resistance; resistance to blood flow throughout the body (excluding pulmonary system)

87
Q

What determines SVR?

A

size of blood vessels

88
Q

What increases SVR?

A

constriction of blood vessels (increases blood pressure)

89
Q

What decreases SVR?

A

dilation of blood vessels (lowers blood pressure)

90
Q

Arterial pulses - central pulses (2)

A
  1. carotid pulse

2. femoral pulse

91
Q

How can carotid pulse be felt?

A

by palpating the carotid artery in the neck during contraction of the left ventricle

92
Q

How can femoral pulse be felt?

A

by palpating the femoral artery in the groin area during contraction of the left ventricle

93
Q

Arterial pulses - peripheral pulses (3)

A
  1. radial pulse
  2. brachial pulse
  3. dorsalis pedis
94
Q

How can radial pulse be felt?

A

by palpating in the wrist on the radial (thumb) side

95
Q

How can brachial pulse be felt?

A
  1. by palpating the medial portion of the upper arm beneath the biceps muscle
  2. by palpating the anterior medial area of arm where humerus meets forearm (elbow)
96
Q

How can dorsalis pedis pulse be felt?

A

by palpating on top of the foot

EMT Crash Course (2 decks)

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