Chapter 7: Anatomy and Physiology / Medical Terminology Flashcards
1
Q
anatomy
A
the study of the body’s structure
2
Q
physiology
A
the study of the body’s function
3
Q
pathophysiology
A
the study of disease
4
Q
homeostasis
A
the state of balance or equilibrium within the body
5
Q
anatomical position
A
standing position, arms at sides, palms forward
6
Q
midline
A
divides L/R
7
Q
transverse
A
divides T/B at level of umbilicus
8
Q
frontal
A
divides anterior/posterior
9
Q
anterior/ventral
A
front
10
Q
posterior/dorsal
A
back
11
Q
superior
A
top
12
Q
inferior
A
bottom
13
Q
proximal
A
closer to point of attachment
14
Q
distal
A
farther from point of attachment
15
Q
medial
A
close to midline
16
Q
lateral
A
far from midline
17
Q
abduction
A
movement away from midline
18
Q
adduction
A
movement toward midline
19
Q
extension
A
straightening the joint (increasing angle)
20
Q
flexion
A
bending the joint (decreasing angle)
21
Q
supline
A
lying on your back, face up
22
Q
prone
A
lying on your stomach, face down
23
Q
fowler position
A
seated with head elevated
24
Q
recovery position
A
lying on the left or right side
25
4 Abdominal Quadrants
```
Left upper (LUQ) / right upper (RUQ) / left lower (LLQ) /
right lower (RLQ)
```
26
ligaments
connect bone to bone
27
tendons
connect bone to muscle
28
cartilage
connective tissue that allows smooth movement of joints
29
axial skeleton
skull, spinal column, rib cage
30
thoracic cavity
rib cage; houses heart, lungs, trachea, esophagus, great vessels
31
frontal bone
forehead
32
parietal bone
top of head, between frontal and occipital
33
occipital bone
posterior portion of skull
34
temporal bone
lateral bones, above cheekbones
35
maxillae
forms upper jaw, above upper teeth
36
mandible
movable portion of lower jaw
37
zygomatic bone
cheekbone
38
nasal bone
the nose
39
foramen magnum
opening in the occipital bone where brain connects to spinal cord
40
spinal column
central supporting structure protecting spinal cord
41
no. vertebrae
33 (9 fused)
42
spinal column descending order (no. vertebrae / label)
```
cervical (7 / C1 - C7)
thoracic (12 / T1 - T12)
lumbar (5 / L1 - L5)
sacrum (5 fused)
coccyx (4 fused)
```
43
sternum
breastbone
44
manubrium
upper portion of sternum
45
body
middle portion of sternum
46
xiphoid process
inferior tip of sternum
47
appendicular skeleton
includes bones of arms, legs, pelvis
48
shoulder girdle
formed by clavicle (collarbone), scapula (shoulder blade), humerus (upper arm)
49
humerus
upper arm
50
radius
lateral bone of forearm (thumb side)
51
ulna
medial bone of forearm
52
carpal bones
wrist
53
metacarpals
base of fingers
54
phalanges
fingers
55
pelvis
ring-shaped structure formed by illium, ischiu, and pubis
56
illium
upper portion of pelvis
57
ischium
lower portion of pelvis
58
pubis
anterior portion of pelvis
59
femur
thigh bone (strongest in body)
60
patella
kneecap
61
tibia
medial bone of lower leg (shinbone)
62
fibula
lateral bone of the lower leg
63
tarsal bones
ankle
64
metatarsal
base of toes
65
phalanges
toes
66
joints
where two long bones come together
67
symphysis
joint with limited motion
68
ball-and-socket joint
distal end is capable of free motion, such as shoulder
69
hinge joint
bones can move only uniaxially, such as knee
70
three muscle types
smooth, skeletal, cardiac
71
smooth muscle
involuntary muscle located within the blood vessels and digestive tract
72
skeletal
voluntary muscle that attaches to the skeleton
73
bicep
anterior humerus
74
tricep
posterior humerus
75
pectralis
anterior chest
76
latissimus dorsi
posterior chest
77
rectus abdominis
abdominal muscles
78
quadriceps
anterior femur (4 muscles)
79
biceps femoris
posterior femur; part of hamstring muscle
80
gluteus
buttocks (3 muscles)
81
respiratory system physiology
1. provides adequate oxygen
2. eliminates waste products such as CO2
3. Regulates pH levels (homeostasis)
82
components of upper airway
1. nose and mouth
2. nasopharynx
3. oropharynx
4. larynx
5. epiglottis
83
nasopharynx
upper part of throat behind nose
84
oropharynx
area of throat behind mouth
85
larynx
voice box
86
epiglottis
valve protecting opening of trachea
87
FBAO
foreign-body airway obstruction (tongue most common)
88
components of lower airway
1. trachea
2. carina
3. left and right mainstem bronchi
4. bronchioles
5. alveoli
89
carina
where trachea branches into left and right mainstem bronchi
90
left and right mainstem bronchi
primary branches of trachea leading to left/right lungs
91
bronchioles
smaller branches of bronchi
92
alveoli
only place in respiratory system where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged
93
What is the component to which all superior airway structures route air?
alveoli
94
What are alveoli in contact with?
pulmonary capillaries
95
What do pulmonary capillaries do?
diffuse carbon dioxide from body to alveoli
96
To where do alveoli diffuse oxygen?
from respiratory system to body
97
What substance helps keep alveoli from collapsing?
surfactant
98
pleura
two thin, smooth layers of tissue with thin film of fluid in between - allow frictionless movement across one another
99
visceral pleura
lines the outer surface of lungs
100
parietal pleura
lines inside surface of chest cavity
101
pleura function
during inhalation, expanding chest causes parietal pleura to pull visceral pleura, which pull the lungs
