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Nutrition Exam 2 > Chapter 7: Alcohol > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Alcohol Flashcards

1
Q

alcohol

A

a group of organic chemicals in which 1 or more hydroxyl (OH) groups are attached to the carbon atoms in place of the hydrogen atoms

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2
Q

types of alcohol

A

ethanol, glycerol, methanol, and isopropanol

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3
Q

ethanol

A
  • ethyl alcohol
  • found in alcoholic beverages
  • considered safe for consumption
  • excess can be toxic, can damage the body, and can be lethal
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4
Q

glycerol

A
  • the backbone of triglycerides
  • found in food and in the body
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5
Q

methanol

A
  • found in industrial compounds
  • antifreeze and fuel
  • poisonous
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6
Q

isopropanol

A
  • rubbing alcohol
  • poisonous
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7
Q

go from sugar to alcohol

A

fermentation

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8
Q

fermentation of

A

natural sugars in grains (glucose and maltose) and fruits (glucose and fructose) by yeasts

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9
Q

yeast metabolizes glucose into

A

ethanol and carbon dioxide

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10
Q

carbon dioxide bubbles off and

A

a beverage containing alcohol is left

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11
Q

wine is made from

A

grapes

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12
Q

beer is made from

A

malted cereal grains (barley)

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13
Q

fermentation stops when

A

the alcohol content reaches 11-14%

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14
Q

distillation forms

A

liquors

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15
Q

fermented liquid is heated and ethanol vaporizes

A

vapors are collected and form liquor

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16
Q

alcohol content is indicated by

A

its proof

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17
Q

alcohol proof

A

the number reflects twice the alcohol content in the beverage

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18
Q

80 proof contains

A

40% alcohol

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19
Q

alcohol is not needed for survival

A

provides very little nutrition other than kcals

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20
Q

people drink for a variety of reasons

A
  • social, ceremonial, traditional
  • historically, wine and beer were safer to drink than water
  • relaxation, celebration, social bonding
  • signifies emergence into adulthood
  • advertising influences beverage choices
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21
Q

moderate drinking is measured in terms of

A

a standard drink

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22
Q

a standard drink for beer is defined as

A

12 ounces of beer

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23
Q

a standard drink for malt liquor is defined as

A

8-9 ounces of malt liquor

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24
Q

a standard drink for liquor is defined as

A

1.5 ounces of liquor

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24
Q

a standard drink for wine is defined as

A

5 ounces of wine

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25
Q

latest dietary guidelines for Americans recommendations for males

A

up to 2 drinks per day

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26
Q

latest dietary guidelines for Americans recommendations for females

A

up to 1 drink per day

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27
Q

alcohol is absorbed

A

in the stomach (about 20%) and small intestine (the rest is absorbed here)

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28
Q

in the small intestine, the majority of alcohol is absorbed through the

A

duodenum

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29
Q

alcohol doesn’t require

A

digestion

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30
Q

alcohol doesn’t require digestion because it is

A

absorbed by simple diffusion through the gastric mucosa

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31
Q

the majority of alcohol is metabolized in the

A

liver

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32
Q

the amount and type of food in the stomach affects

A

how alcohol is absorbed

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33
Q

a partially full or full stomach keeps alcohol

A

away from the stomach lining

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34
Q

fat slows

A

peristalsis

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35
Q

CHO slows

A

absorption through the stomach lining (complex carbs and higher fiber)

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36
Q

the stomach is the first site of

A

alcohol metabolism

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37
Q

alcohol begins to metabolize in the stomach by

A

alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)

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38
Q

the rate at which alcohol is metabolized in the stomach is affected by

A

how quickly the stomach empties into the duodenum

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39
Q

longer time in stomach

A

more time to metabolize / less alcohol in the blood and brain

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40
Q

where is the main site of alcohol metabolism

A

the liver

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41
Q

the liver is the main site of alcohol metabolism

A

about 95%

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42
Q

the amount the liver can metabolize per hour is limited by

A

body mass and liver size

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43
Q

alcohol is metabolized through two pathways in the liver

A

the ADH pathway and the microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS)

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44
Q

the ADH pathway

A

has two steps

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45
Q

step 1 of the ADH pathway

A

alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and NAD+ remove hydrogens from alcohol to form acetaldehyde

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46
Q

step 2 of the ADH pathway

A
  • acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) removes more hydrogen and forms acetate
  • acetate continues through metabolic pathways to form energy or is converted to a fatty acid and stored as fat
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47
Q

the microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS) is used when

A

there is too much alcohol and the liver enzymes cannot keep up (the ADH pathway can’t keep up)

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48
Q

chronic alcohol abuse increases the

A

number of enzymes in the microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS)

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49
Q

what increases the microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS) pathway

A
  • the more someone drinks
  • the more frequent they drink
  • the amount they drink
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50
Q

the microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS) is used to metabolize drugs and other foreign compounds

A
  • the body takes precedence in metabolizing alcohol first over drugs
  • so consuming alcohol and drugs together can result in lethal levels of drugs building up in the bloodstream
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51
Q

the more you drink the more active the microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS) becomes, this can result in

A

alcohol tolerance

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52
Q

alcohol circulates in the blood

A

some alcohol remains in the blood if the liver cannot metabolize it as fast as it is consumed

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53
Q

the liver metabolizes 95% of alcohol consumed, what happens to other 5%

A

5% is excreted through the lungs, skin, or kidneys through the urine

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54
Q

amount of alcohol expelled through the lungs correlates with

A

the amount of alcohol in the blood

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55
Q

blood alcohol concentration (BAC)

A

the amount of alcohol in the blood

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56
Q

blood alcohol concentration (BAC) is measured

A

in grams of alcohol per deciliter (dl) and expressed as a percentage

57
Q

what affects blood alcohol levels

A
  • gender
  • genetics
  • ethnicity
58
Q

women feel the narcotic effect of alcohol

A

sooner than men do

59
Q

females have

A

20-30% less alcohol dehydrogenase and less body water

60
Q

higher the muscle mass and higher the water

A

metabolize alcohol at a faster rate

61
Q

individuals with genetic polymorphisms of alcohol dehydrogenase feel the effects of alcohol

A

more readily

62
Q

some ethnic groups feel the effects of alcohol more readily than others

A

people of Asian decent have less ADH in their system so they feel the effects of alcohol earlier

63
Q

products of alcohol metabolism

A

acids and acetaldehyde

64
Q

products of alcohol metabolism (acids and acetaldehyde) can

A

harm the body and brain

65
Q

alcohol effects on the body can be

A

short term (while the individual is intoxicated) and long term (>72 hours following intoxication)

66
Q

short term effects of alcohol on the body

A
  • alcohol poisoning
  • unintentional injuries
  • sleep disruption
  • hangovers
  • effects the brain
67
Q

alcohol poisoning

A

results when the BAC is so high that basic physiological functions are depressed

68
Q

alcohol poisoning is more common in

A

late teens and early adulthood

69
Q

unintentional injuries

A

each year, nearly 600,000 college-aged students are unintentionally injured due to drinking

70
Q

other risks associated with alcohol consumption

A

numerous instances of sexual abuse, unsafe sex, suicide attempts, drunk driving, and property damage

71
Q

sleep disruption

A

having a drink before bed can disrupt the sleep cycle, cause middle of night wakefulness, and make falling asleep difficult

72
Q

hangover

A

begins within hours of the last drink as BAC begins to drop

73
Q

symptoms of a hangover can

A

last up to 24 hours after alcohol has left the blood

74
Q

alcohol causes the symptoms of hangovers

A
  • produces large amounts of acetaldehyde, which is mildly toxic (potentially associated with many chronic conditions)
  • causes dehydration and electrolyte imbalances (extra alcohol levels could impact sodium/potassium levels)
  • contains congeners (worsen hangover symptoms)
75
Q

congeners

A

compounds found in yeast products that can be mildly toxic in the body

76
Q

alcohol affects

A

the central nervous system and other body systems

77
Q

alcohol is a

A

depressant of the central nervous system

78
Q

as a depressant of the central nervous system, alcohol

A

slows communication between neurons

79
Q

the more alcohol consumed

A

the more areas of the brain affected

80
Q

cerebral cortex and alcohol

A

individual becomes more talkative, less inhibited, and has more confidence

81
Q

hippocampus and alcohol

A

prevents short term memories from becoming long term memories and individuals may experience exaggerated emotions and may blackout

82
Q

cerebellum and alcohol

A

individual loses ability to walk in a straight line

83
Q

brain stem and alcohol

A

impaired breathing and heart rate

84
Q

when a downer is paired with an upper

A

the upper keeps your body awake but the downer could have you blackout and lose total control of decision making and memories (alcohol + drugs)

85
Q

long term effects of alcohol on the body

A
  • impaired digestion, absorption, and nutrient metabolism
  • primary malnutrition
  • secondary malnutrition
  • Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
  • weight gain
  • depression
    -interaction with hormones
  • liver disease
  • cardiovascular disease
  • cancer risk
  • put a pregnancy at risk
86
Q

alcohol causes impaired digestion because there is a

A

decreased secretion of digestive enzymes

87
Q

alcohol interferes with

A

fat digestion and fat-soluble vitamin transport

88
Q

people who chronically use alcohol are more likely to have

A

vitamin deficiencies

89
Q

alcohol damages cells in the stomach and intestinal lining, leading to

A

impaired absorption of water, glucose, sodium, and vitamins

90
Q

alcohol can cause

A

pancreatitis (in most cases, don’t see this until the 3rd or 4th decade of alcohol abuse)

91
Q

pancreatitis

A

inflammation of the pancreas

92
Q

alcohol increases incidences of

A

gastritis (can cause sharp, stabbing pain)

93
Q

gastritis

A

inflammation of the lining of the stomach

94
Q

primary malnutrition

A

individuals compensate for drinking by cutting out nutritious foods

95
Q

secondary malnutrition

A

occurs from alcohol interference with nutrient absorption and metabolism

96
Q

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

A

mental confusion and uncontrolled muscle movement due to thiamine deficiency’s effect on brain function

97
Q

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome results from

A

low B1 (thiamine)

98
Q

weight gain

A
  • alcohol contains 7 kcals/g
  • additional calories added on top of meals
  • supporting research is mixed
99
Q

excessive alcohol use can lead to

A

depression

100
Q

using alcohol to deal with problems may be a sign of

A

alcohol abuse

101
Q

alcohol can interact with hormones

A
  • interferes with insulin and glucagon action, resulting in hypoglycemia (very concerning for Type 1 diabetes)
  • affects parathyroid hormone and other bone-strengthening hormones
  • increases estrogen levels and possibly increases risk of breast cancer
  • affects reproductive hormones and is associated with male and female dysfunction and infertility (impact egg and sperm quality)
102
Q

three stages of liver disease

A

fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis, cirrhosis

103
Q

stage 1 of liver disease

A

fatty liver

104
Q

fatty liver

A
  • fat builds up in the liver cells
  • too much fat buildup causes liver dysfunction
  • occurs after a few days of excessive drinking
  • reversible
105
Q

stage 2 of liver disease

A

alcoholic hepatitis

106
Q

alcoholic hepatitis

A
  • liver becomes inflamed
  • reversible
107
Q

stage 3 of liver disease

108
Q

cirrhosis

A
  • liver cells die and are replaced with scar tissue
  • scar tissue prevents the liver from filtering toxins and waste products out of the body
  • more than 50% die within 4 years
  • can cause a fluid buildup in the abdomen
  • can cause jaundice
  • irreversible
109
Q

moderate intake of alcohol may be

A

cardioprotective (help reduce clotting in the blood)

110
Q

more than 3 drinks per day can be harmful

A

increases cholesterol synthesis by liver and increases blood pressure

111
Q

excessive amounts of alcohol can trigger

A

a cardiac arrhythmia or cause cardiac myopathy (change in the normal pattern of the heart)

112
Q

alcohol increases the risk of

A

mouth, esophageal, liver, colon, rectum, and breast cancer

113
Q

how alcohol contributes the cancer is not well understood

A

the production of acetaldehyde may be related

114
Q

alcohol can put a pregnancy at risk

A

drinking during pregnancy exposes the infant to alcohol and the risk of serious damage to the central nervous system

115
Q

exposing a fetus to alcohol can lead to

A

fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs)

116
Q

fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs)

A
  • disorders resulting from the damage of alcohol exposure in utero
  • physical, mental, and behavioral abnormalities afterbirth
  • fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
117
Q

health benefits of moderate alcohol consumption are

A

inconclusive

118
Q

1 to 2 drinks of red wine may promote heart health

A
  • may reduce the accumulation of oxidized LDLs on the arterial walls
  • may inhibit the stickiness of platelets in the blood
  • may increase HDLs
  • may reduce inflammation
  • reduces high blood pressure
119
Q

1 to 2 drinks of red wine appears to only benefit

A

males >45 years and females >55 years

120
Q

alcohol may reduce the risk of diabetes

A
  • moderate consumption may increase insulin sensitivity in Type 2 diabetes
  • limit consumption to 1-2 drinks
  • drink with a meal to prevent hypoglycemia
121
Q

moderate alcohol consumption is associated with longevity

A

wine consumption and dark colored beer offer the most protection compared to light beer and liquor

122
Q

alcohol abuse

A

when a person allows alcohol to interfere in their life

123
Q

types of alcohol abuse

A
  • binge drinking
  • drinking and driving
  • underage drinking
124
Q

binge drinking for males

A

5+ drinks in a short time

125
Q

binge drinking for females

A

4+ drinks in a short time

126
Q

binge drinking is the highest among

A

college students

127
Q

binge drinking is associated with

A

injuries, unsafe sexual practices, sexual abuse, aggression, hypertension, heart attack, suicide, homicide, and child abuse

128
Q

bind drinking can result in

A

blackouts and alcohol poisoning

129
Q

drinking and driving

A

driving in the US with a BAC of 0.08+ is illegal when over 21 (any BAC level is illegal for under 21)

130
Q

the average age of the 1st drink for Americans from 12-20 is

A

14 years old

131
Q

underage drinking: alcohol can interfere with

A

brain development and lead to permanent cognitive and memory damage in teens

132
Q

the earlier a person starts drinking

A

the higher the chances that alcohol will become a problem later in life

133
Q

alcoholism is

134
Q

alcoholism is also known as

A

alcohol dependence

135
Q

4 classic symptoms of alcoholism

A
  • craving alcohol
  • developed a higher tolerance for alcohol
  • can’t control or limit intake once drinking starts
  • a developed dependence on alcohol
136
Q

all 4 symptoms are not always going to be present, but the most universal symptom is

A

can’t control or limit intake once drinking starts

137
Q

risk factors for developing alcoholism

A
  • risk for alcoholism is 50% genetic
  • home life
  • drinking habits of family and friends
  • social pressures
  • access to alcohol
138
Q

there is no cure for alcoholism

A
  • treatment includes physical and psychological approaches
  • alcoholics must eliminate alcohol entirely from their lives to successfully recover
  • once an alcoholic, always an alcoholic
139
Q

resources of alcoholism

A

alcoholics anonymous (AA)

Nutrition Exam 2 (5 decks)

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