Chapter 7

Question 1

Motivation

Answer 1

The processes that account for an individual’s intensity, direction, and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal.

Question 2

Heirarchy of Needs

Answer 2

Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of five needs—physiological, safety, social, esteem, and self-actualization—in which, as each need is substantially satisfied, the next need becomes dominant.

Question 3

Lower Order Needs

Answer 3

Needs that are satisfied externally, such as physiological and safety needs.

Question 4

Self Actualization

Answer 4

The drive to become what a person is capable of becoming.

Question 5

Higher Order Needs

Answer 5

Needs that are satisfied internally, such as social, esteem, and self-actualization needs.

Question 6

Theory X

Answer 6

The assumption that employees dislike work, are lazy, dislike responsibility, and must be coerced to perform.

Question 7

Theory Y

Answer 7

The assumption that employees like work, are creative, seek responsibility, and can exercise self-direction.

Question 8

Two Factor Theory

Answer 8

A theory that relates intrinsic factors to job satisfaction and associates extrinsic factors with dissatisfaction. Also called motivation-hygiene theory.

Question 9

Hygiene Factors

Answer 9

Factors—such as company policy and administration, supervision, and salary—that, when adequate in a job, placate workers. When these factors are adequate, people will not be dissatisfied

Question 10

McClellands theory of Needs

Answer 10

A theory that states achievement, power, and affiliation are three important needs that help explain motivation.

Question 11

Need for Acheivment

Answer 11

The drive to excel, to achieve in relationship to a set of standards, and to strive to succeed.

Question 12

Need For Power

Answer 12

The need to make others behave in a way in which they would not have behaved otherwise.

Question 13

Need for Affiliations

Answer 13

The desire for friendly and close interpersonal relationships.

Question 14

Self Determination Theory

Answer 14

A theory of motivation that is concerned with the beneficial effects of intrinsic motivation and the harmful effects of extrinsic motivation.

Question 15

Cognitive Evaluation Theory

Answer 15

A version of self-determination theory which holds that allocating extrinsic rewards for behavior that had been previously intrinsically rewarding tends to decrease the overall level of motivation if the rewards are seen as controlling.

Question 16

Self Concordance

Answer 16

The degree to which peoples’ reasons for pursuing goals are consistent with their interests and core values.

Question 17

Job Engagement

Answer 17

The investment of an employee’s physical, cognitive, and emotional energies into job performance.

Question 18

Goal Setting Theory

Answer 18

A theory that says that specific and difficult goals, with feedback, lead to higher performance.

Question 19

Managment by Objectives

Answer 19

program that encompasses specific goals, participatively set, for an explicit time period, with feedback on goal progress.

Question 20

Self Efficacy

Answer 20

An individual’s belief that he or she is capable of performing a task.

Question 21

Reinforcement Theory

Answer 21

An individual’s belief that he or she is capable of performing a task.

Question 22

Behaviorism

Answer 22

A theory that argues that behavior follows stimuli in a relatively unthinking manner.

Question 23

Social Learning Theory

Answer 23

The view that we can learn through both observation and direct experience.

Question 24

Equity Theory

Answer 24

A theory that says that individuals compare their job inputs and outcomes with those of others and then respond to eliminate any inequities.

Question 25

Distributive Theory

Answer 25

Perceived fairness of the amount and allocation of rewards among individuals.

Question 26

Organizational Justice

Answer 26

An overall perception of what is fair in the workplace, composed of distributive, procedural, and interactional justice.

Question 27

Procedural Justice

Answer 27

The perceived fairness of the process used to determine the distribution of rewards.

Question 28

Interactional Justice

Answer 28

The perceived degree to which an individual is treated with dignity, concern, and respect.

Question 29

Expectancy Theory

Answer 29

A theory that says that the strength of a tendency to act in a certain way depends on the strength of an expectation that the act will be followed by a given outcome and on the attractiveness of that outcome to the individual.