Chapter 7 Flashcards
What are the five Deviance neutralization techniques identified by Sykes and Madza?
- Deny responsibility; They made me do it!
- Deny injury; They have insurance!
- Deny the victim; He had it coming!
- Condemn condemners; Everyone steals, why pick on me? If I don’t do it to him he’ll do it to me!
- Appeal to higher loyalties; He’s a strange r! I have to protect my buddies!
What are the 4 components of Hirschi’s Social bond theory?
Elements of the Social Bond; • Attachment • Commitment • Involvement • Belief
What is deviance amplification?
• refer to the way levels of deviance or crime can be increased by the societal reaction to deviance itself. For example, if there is a moral panic about something this effectively advertises it.
What is the main principle of differential association (DA)?
Principles of Differential Association;
• Criminal behavior is learned
• Learning is a by-product of interaction
• Criminal techniques are learned
• Perceptions of legal code influence motives and drives
• Differential associations may vary in frequency, duration, priority, and intensity
• The process of learning criminal behavior involves all of the mechanisms involved in any other learning process
• Criminal behavior is an expression of needs and values
What modification to DA did Ronald Akers add to form Differential Reinforcement Theory?
• • A version of social learning that employs both differential association concepts with elements of psychological learning theory also known as direct conditioning
What are the 2 components to containment theory?
•
What are the effects of peer groups; religion; and family on crime?
• Peer group and crime;
Peers guide each other and help each other learn to share and cooperate, to cope with aggressive impulses, and to discuss feelings they would not dare bring up at home.
Kids who hang out with delinquent friends, who spend time socializing with them without parental supervision, and who admire and want to emulate them are the ones most likely to increase involvement in antisocial behaviors i.e. crime.
• Religion and Belief;
people who hold high moral values and beliefs, who have learned to distinguish right from wrong, and who regularly attend religious services should also eschew crime and other antisocial behaviors.
Religion binds people together and forces them to confront the consequences of their behavior. Having high moral beliefs may enhance the deterrent effect of punishment by convincing even motivated offenders not to risk apprehension and punishment.Committing crimes would violate the principles of all organized religions.
• Family Relations;
Family relationships have been considered a major determinant of criminal behavior.
Youths who grow up in households characterized by conflict and tension, and where there is a lack of familial love and support, are susceptible to the crime-promoting forces in the environment.
What are the key features of symbolic interaction theory?
•Individuals construct meaning via the communication process. Self-concept is a motivation for behavior. A unique relationship exists between the individual and society.
What is meant by socialization theory?
• People are influenced by interactions with various organizations, institutions, and processes of society such as education, employment, and family life and peer relations
What is the relevance of neutralization theory?
• They view the process of becoming a criminal as a learning experience in which potential delinquents and criminals master techniques that enable them to counterbalance or neutralize conventional values and drift back and forth between illegitimate and conventional behavior.
This ideas of losing deliquesce with age. only a few people/ if any are “all bad” or “all good”.
What kind of views would be considered ‘drift?
• Neutralist View
Who is Walter Reckless?
•
What happens with self-image in containment theory?
•
What is the role of interaction and interpretation in social reaction theory?
• to explain how criminal careers form based on
destructive social interactions and encounters
Symbolic Interaction Theory
• People communicate via symbols (gestures, signs, words, or images that represent something else)
Once bonds are weakened, can a person’s bonds (Hirschi’s Social Bond Theory) to society become reattached?
Yes! Through therapeutic strategies based on the form of estrangement where it be family, friends, society, etc. and vice.
What is HIrchi’s Social Bond Theory?
• Links the onset of criminality to the weakening of
the ties that bind people to society
What is the Neutralization Theory?
Matza and Sykes:
• Views the process of becoming a criminal as a learning experience in which potential delinquents and criminals master techniques that enable them to counterbalance or neutralize conventional values and drift back and forth between illegitimate and conventional behavior
What are the labeling effects and consequences?
- Labeling and Deviance
- Joining Deviant Cliques
- Damaged Identify
- Retrospective Reading
- Dramatization of Evil
What is secondary and primary deviance?
Us the example of the new girl to help explain!
Primary Deviance:
• Involves norm violations or crimes that have very little influence on the actor and can be quickly forgotten
Secondary Deviance:
• Occurs when a deviant event comes to the attention of significant others or social control agents who apply a negative label
What is Symbolic Interaction Theory?
• People communicate via symbols (gestures, signs, words, or images that represent something else)
What is Differential Reinforcement Theory?
• The principal influence on behavior comes from “those groups that control individuals’ major sources of reinforcement and punishment and expose them to behavioral models and normative definitions
What is containment Theory?
• A strong self-image insulates a youth from the pressures and pulls of criminogenic influences in the environment
What is the Differential Association Theory?
Edwin H. Sutherland’s differential association theory disputed that disputed the notion that crime was a function of the inadequacy of people in the lower classes.
To Sutherland, criminality stemmed neither from individual traits nor from socioeconomic position; instead, he believed it to be a function of a learning process that could affect any individual in any culture. Acquiring a behavior is a social learning process, not a political or legal process. Skills and motives conducive to crime are learned as a result of contacts with procrime values, attitudes, and definitions and other patterns of criminal behavior.
