Chapter 7 Flashcards
Which of the following statements regarding biological constraints on conditioning is/are accurate?
A. They help support Charles Darwin’s claim that natural selection favors traits that boost survival.
b. They helped demonstrate that all associations cannot be learned equally well.
c. They predispose organisms to learn associations that are adaptive for them.
In operant conditioning, ___ schedules of reinforcement offer a reward based on the number of responses; ___ schedules of reinforcement offer a reward based on time periods.
ratio; interval
One of the first cracks in strict behaviorist theory came when it was found that rats exploring a maze developed a/an ___ of it, even though they received no reward for this behavior
cognitive map
Because it’s associated with our ability to meet basic needs like food, clothing, and shelter, money is a/an ___ reinforcer.
conditioned
Current research on viewing repeated violence in media, such as movies and videogames, suggests that media violence
is a risk factor for increasing aggression in viewers
Circus training of some animals revealed a limit on Skinner’s operant conditioning. In some cases, animals reverted from their trained behavior back to more natural behaviors. This is known as ___
instinctive drift
The gradual disappearance of a conditioned response is known as
extinction
A common loyalty program at coffee houses gives customers a free drink after buying 10 drinks. In terms of Skinner’s schedules of reinforcement in operant conditioning, this is an example of ___
a fixed-ratio schedule
Amber wants to lengthen the time she spends studying without checking her cellphone; she want to progress from 15-minute study sessions to 45-minute study sessions without looking at her phone. She begins by rewarding herself with a small treat for staying focused on her studies for 20 minutes. Once she can do that without problems, Amber rewards herself only for focusing for 25 minutes. Amber continues with this until she can study for 45 minutes without wanting to look at her cellphone. What conditioning method is Amber using to improve her study habits?
shaping
Using classical conditioning, dogs can be trained to respond to a specific tone, and not to respond to tones that are similar in pitch. This ability to distinguish between similar stimuli is known as ___
discrimination
As one of the early behaviorists, Thorndike’s work revealed what he called the law of effect. What does that mean?
A behavior that’s followed by a positive consequence becomes more likely, and a behavior followed by a negative consequence becomes less likely
During his tours of duty in Afghanistan, Carlos developed an intense fear response to the sound of shells exploding nearby. Even though he’s been home and safe for several years, a loud and sudden clap of thunder near him often produces a fear response. In conditioning terms, what is Carlos’ behavior demonstrating?
generalization
Over my years of training in karate, I learned to watch the advanced students performing kata and listening to the corrections they got from our sensei. This helped me learn faster when I was taught those kata, and helped me avoid making some of their mistakes. This is an example of:
latent learning
The initial learning of an association is called ____
acquisition
