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Microbiology: Lecture > Chapter 7,8,9 > Flashcards

Chapter 7,8,9 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Autotroph

A

Organism that uses inorganic CO2 as it’s carbon source.

“Feeds by itself”

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1
Q

Heterotroph

A

An organism that must obtain it carbon in organic form.

Uses proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids.

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2
Q

What is the key structure and metabolism of all life forms?

A

Carbon.

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3
Q

Saprobes

A

A type of chemoheterotrophic microorganism.

Free living microorganism that feeds primarily on organic detritus from dead organisms.

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4
Q

Parasites

A

Ordinarily derive nutrients from the cells or tissue of a host.

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5
Q

Lithoautotroph

A

A microbe which derives energy from reduced compounds of mineral origin.

Aka chemolithoautotroph.

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6
Q

Phototrophs

A

An organism that uses light as an energy source.

Example: algae, plants, Cyanobacteria

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7
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Passive transport mechanism that utilizes a carrier cell in the membrane that will bind to a specific protein.

This binding allows the protein to cross the membrane.

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8
Q

Diffusion

A

Net move my of molecules down their concentration action gradient by random thermal motion.

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9
Q

Active Transport

A

Uses ATP

Transport of nutrients against the diffusion gradient or with the gradient but at a much faster rate.

Examples: monosaccharides and metal ions

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10
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion if water through a semipermeable membrane.

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11
Q

Endocytosis

A

Carries the cells that don’t pass physically through the membrane.

“Eating and drinking of cells”

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12
Q

Aerobe

A

Can use gaseous oxygen in its metabolism and processes the enzymes needed to process toxic oxygen products.

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13
Q

Obligate aerobe

A

Can’t grow without oxygen

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14
Q

Anaerobe

A

Lacks the metabolic enzyme systems for using oxygen gas in respiration.

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15
Q

Facultative Anaerobe

A

Aerobe that doesn’t require oxygen for its metabolism and is capable of growth in its absents.

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16
Q

Microaerophile

A

Doesn’t grow in normal atomism heroic concentrations if oxygen but requires a small amount of it in metabolism.

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17
Q

Capnophile

A

Grow best at higher carbon dioxide tensions that are normally present in the atmosphere.

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18
Q

Superoxide Dismutase

A

Superoxide ion is first converted to hydrogen peroxide and normal oxygen by this action of an enzyme

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19
Q

Catalase

A

Hydrogen peroxide is degraded by this enzyme into water and oxygen.

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20
Q

Phases of bacterial growth

A

Lag
Exponential growth
Stationary growth
Death

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21
Q

Lag phase

A

Newly innocuous tend require a period of adjustment and synthesis of DNA, enzymes, and ribosomes.

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22
Q

Exponential growth phase

A

Cells reach the maximum rate of cell division

This phase will continue as long as cells have adequate nutrients

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23
Q

Stationary growth phase

A

The population enters a survival mode in which cells stop growing or grow slowly.

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24
Q

Death phase

A

Cells begin to die at a rapid pace and most are unable to multiply

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25
Q

Enzymes

A

Serves at catalysts for both catabolic and anabolic activities

Increase the rate of a chemical reaction without becoming part of the products or being consumed by the reaction

26
Q

Catalase

A

Breaks down hydrogen peroxide

27
Q

Oxidase

A

Adds electrons to oxygen

28
Q

Hexokinase

A

Transfers phosphate to glucose

29
Q

Urease

A

Splits urea into an ammonium ion

30
Q

Nitrate Reductase

A

Reduces nitrate to nitrite

31
Q

DNA polymerase complex

A

Synthesis of DNA

32
Q

(Formation of ATP)

Oxidative phisphorylation

A

Redox reactions occurring during the final phase of the respiratory pathway

33
Q

(Formation of ATP)

Substrate-level phosphorylation

A

ATP is formed by transfer of a phosphate group from a phosphorylated compound directly to ADP

34
Q

(Formation of ATP)

Phosphosporylation

A

ATP is formed through a series of sunlight driven reactions

35
Q

Krebs cycle

A

Used in aerobic an anaerobic compounds

Converts a citric acid formation into a oxaloacetic acid

36
Q

Glycolysis

A

An anaerobic pathway that converts glucose through several steps into pyruivic acid

37
Q

Electron transport chain

A

Te step that finalizes the transport process is the acceptance of electrons and hydrogen by oxygen, with the production of water

38
Q

(Enzyme control)

Competitive inhibition

A

Substance that resembles the normal substrate competes with the substrate for the active site

39
Q

(Enzyme control)

Non competitive inhibition

A

Enzymes are regulated by the binding of molecules other than the substrate away from the active site

40
Q

2 ways to manage a cell

A

Endergonic reaction- consume energy

Exergonic reaction- release energy

41
Q

Fermentation

A

Incomplete oxidation of glucose or other carbohydrates on the absence of oxygen

Formation of acid, gas, and other products

42
Q

Purine/pyrimudine

A

Nitrogen bases

Attached by covalent bonds at the 1’ position if the sugar

43
Q

6 steps of Replication

A

1) formation of a replication fork
2) template of a leading stand is oriented
3) lagging strand is replicated backwards
4) synthesis of strands
5) primers are removed
6) open spaces are filled

44
Q

Helicase

A

Unzips the DNA helix

45
Q

Primase

A

Synthesizing an RNA primer

46
Q

DNA polymerase III

A

Proof reading for mistakes

47
Q

DNA polymerase I

A

Removing RNA primer

Closes gaps

48
Q

Ligase

A

Final binding

49
Q

Gyrase

A

Supercoiling

50
Q

DNA

A

Double stands

Basic unit of DNA structure is a nucleotide

51
Q

RNA

A

Single stranded molecule made of nucleotides

52
Q

Codons

A

Found on DNA and RNA

mRNA

Determines the position of an amino acid in polypeptides

53
Q

Anti-codons

A

tRNA

Helps in bringing a particular amino acid at its proper position during translation

54
Q

Transcription

A

Information stored on the DNA molecules

RNA polymerase is responsible for this process

Only one strand can be transcribed

55
Q

Inducible operons

A

Turned on by substrate

56
Q

Catabolic operon

A

Type of inducible operon

Enzyme needed to metabolize a nutrient are produced when needed

57
Q

Repressible operon

A

Turned off by product synthesis

58
Q

Anabolic operon

A

Type of repressible operon

Enzymes used to synthesize an amino acid stop from being produced when they’re not needed

59
Q

Wild type mutation

A

“Original”

THE BOG BAD DOG ATE THE FAT RED CAT

60
Q

Substitution mutations

A

Missense THE BIG RED DOG ATE THE FIT RED CAT

Nonsense “stop codon” THE BIG BAD DOG (stop)

61
Q

Frameshift mutation

A

Insertion THE BIG BAB DDO GAT ETH EFA TRE DCA T

Deletion THE BIG BDD OGA TET HEF ATR EDC AT

62
Q

Ames Test

A

Detects chemical with carcinogenic potential

63
Q

DNA recombinations

A

Event where one bacterium donates DNA to another bacterium is a type of genetic transfer termed this

Results in a new strand different from donor an original

Microbiology: Lecture (2 decks)

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