Chapter 7,8,9 Flashcards
Autotroph
Organism that uses inorganic CO2 as it’s carbon source.
“Feeds by itself”
Heterotroph
An organism that must obtain it carbon in organic form.
Uses proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids.
What is the key structure and metabolism of all life forms?
Carbon.
Saprobes
A type of chemoheterotrophic microorganism.
Free living microorganism that feeds primarily on organic detritus from dead organisms.
Parasites
Ordinarily derive nutrients from the cells or tissue of a host.
Lithoautotroph
A microbe which derives energy from reduced compounds of mineral origin.
Aka chemolithoautotroph.
Phototrophs
An organism that uses light as an energy source.
Example: algae, plants, Cyanobacteria
Facilitated diffusion
Passive transport mechanism that utilizes a carrier cell in the membrane that will bind to a specific protein.
This binding allows the protein to cross the membrane.
Diffusion
Net move my of molecules down their concentration action gradient by random thermal motion.
Active Transport
Uses ATP
Transport of nutrients against the diffusion gradient or with the gradient but at a much faster rate.
Examples: monosaccharides and metal ions
Osmosis
Diffusion if water through a semipermeable membrane.
Endocytosis
Carries the cells that don’t pass physically through the membrane.
“Eating and drinking of cells”
Aerobe
Can use gaseous oxygen in its metabolism and processes the enzymes needed to process toxic oxygen products.
Obligate aerobe
Can’t grow without oxygen
Anaerobe
Lacks the metabolic enzyme systems for using oxygen gas in respiration.
Facultative Anaerobe
Aerobe that doesn’t require oxygen for its metabolism and is capable of growth in its absents.
Microaerophile
Doesn’t grow in normal atomism heroic concentrations if oxygen but requires a small amount of it in metabolism.
Capnophile
Grow best at higher carbon dioxide tensions that are normally present in the atmosphere.
Superoxide Dismutase
Superoxide ion is first converted to hydrogen peroxide and normal oxygen by this action of an enzyme
Catalase
Hydrogen peroxide is degraded by this enzyme into water and oxygen.
Phases of bacterial growth
Lag
Exponential growth
Stationary growth
Death
Lag phase
Newly innocuous tend require a period of adjustment and synthesis of DNA, enzymes, and ribosomes.
Exponential growth phase
Cells reach the maximum rate of cell division
This phase will continue as long as cells have adequate nutrients
Stationary growth phase
The population enters a survival mode in which cells stop growing or grow slowly.
Death phase
Cells begin to die at a rapid pace and most are unable to multiply
Enzymes
Serves at catalysts for both catabolic and anabolic activities
Increase the rate of a chemical reaction without becoming part of the products or being consumed by the reaction
Catalase
Breaks down hydrogen peroxide
Oxidase
Adds electrons to oxygen
Hexokinase
Transfers phosphate to glucose
Urease
Splits urea into an ammonium ion
Nitrate Reductase
Reduces nitrate to nitrite
DNA polymerase complex
Synthesis of DNA
(Formation of ATP)
Oxidative phisphorylation
Redox reactions occurring during the final phase of the respiratory pathway
(Formation of ATP)
Substrate-level phosphorylation
ATP is formed by transfer of a phosphate group from a phosphorylated compound directly to ADP
(Formation of ATP)
Phosphosporylation
ATP is formed through a series of sunlight driven reactions
Krebs cycle
Used in aerobic an anaerobic compounds
Converts a citric acid formation into a oxaloacetic acid
Glycolysis
An anaerobic pathway that converts glucose through several steps into pyruivic acid
Electron transport chain
Te step that finalizes the transport process is the acceptance of electrons and hydrogen by oxygen, with the production of water
(Enzyme control)
Competitive inhibition
Substance that resembles the normal substrate competes with the substrate for the active site
(Enzyme control)
Non competitive inhibition
Enzymes are regulated by the binding of molecules other than the substrate away from the active site
2 ways to manage a cell
Endergonic reaction- consume energy
Exergonic reaction- release energy
Fermentation
Incomplete oxidation of glucose or other carbohydrates on the absence of oxygen
Formation of acid, gas, and other products
Purine/pyrimudine
Nitrogen bases
Attached by covalent bonds at the 1’ position if the sugar
6 steps of Replication
1) formation of a replication fork
2) template of a leading stand is oriented
3) lagging strand is replicated backwards
4) synthesis of strands
5) primers are removed
6) open spaces are filled
Helicase
Unzips the DNA helix
Primase
Synthesizing an RNA primer
DNA polymerase III
Proof reading for mistakes
DNA polymerase I
Removing RNA primer
Closes gaps
Ligase
Final binding
Gyrase
Supercoiling
DNA
Double stands
Basic unit of DNA structure is a nucleotide
RNA
Single stranded molecule made of nucleotides
Codons
Found on DNA and RNA
mRNA
Determines the position of an amino acid in polypeptides
Anti-codons
tRNA
Helps in bringing a particular amino acid at its proper position during translation
Transcription
Information stored on the DNA molecules
RNA polymerase is responsible for this process
Only one strand can be transcribed
Inducible operons
Turned on by substrate
Catabolic operon
Type of inducible operon
Enzyme needed to metabolize a nutrient are produced when needed
Repressible operon
Turned off by product synthesis
Anabolic operon
Type of repressible operon
Enzymes used to synthesize an amino acid stop from being produced when they’re not needed
Wild type mutation
“Original”
THE BOG BAD DOG ATE THE FAT RED CAT
Substitution mutations
Missense THE BIG RED DOG ATE THE FIT RED CAT
Nonsense “stop codon” THE BIG BAD DOG (stop)
Frameshift mutation
Insertion THE BIG BAB DDO GAT ETH EFA TRE DCA T
Deletion THE BIG BDD OGA TET HEF ATR EDC AT
Ames Test
Detects chemical with carcinogenic potential
DNA recombinations
Event where one bacterium donates DNA to another bacterium is a type of genetic transfer termed this
Results in a new strand different from donor an original
