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Biology 189 > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Metabolism

A

The totality of an organism’s chemical reactions, all the chemical reactions in a cell

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2
Q

Metabolic pathways

A

alter molecules in a series of steps

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3
Q

Two metabolic pathways

A

catabolic and anabolic

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4
Q

Catabolic pathways

A

release energy by breaking down complicated molecules into simplier ones

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5
Q

Catabolic energy is stored in

A

organic molecules until it is needed to do work

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6
Q

Anabolic pathways

A

comsume energy by building complicated molecues

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7
Q

Energy relased by catabolic activies is used

A

to drive anabolic pathways

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8
Q

Energetic coupling

A

energy released from catabolic (downhill) reactions used to fuel anabolic (uphill) reactions

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9
Q

Bioenergetics

A

physical and chemical laws that govern use of energy resources in living organisms

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10
Q

Energy

A

is the ability to do work

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11
Q

Forms of energy

A

kinetic, potential, and chemical

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12
Q

Kinetic energy

A

is energy of motion

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13
Q

Potential Energy

A

energy stored by an object due to its location or structure

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14
Q

Chemical energy

A

important form of potential energy, energy is stored in atoms of molecules

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15
Q

Chemical energy can be converted into kinetic energy by

A

cellular repiration and other metabolic processes

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16
Q

1st Law of Thermodynamics

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed and can only be transferred or transformed

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17
Q

2nd Law of Thermodynamics

A

Every energy transfer adds to the entropy of the universe

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18
Q

Entropy

A

measure of disorder or randomness

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19
Q

Thermodynamic laws hold for a

A

closed system

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20
Q

closed system

A

is no mass can be transferred in or out of the system boundaries

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21
Q

Earth is what kind of system

A

open

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22
Q

Energy that comes from the sun and

A

leave as heat

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23
Q

Does the complexity of living organisms violate the laws of thermodynamics?

A

no

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24
Q

Free enenergy is

A

spontaneous processes

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25
Q

Free energy of the system

A

decreases

26
Q

System moves toward

A

stability or equilibrium

27
Q

Released energy is used to do

A

work

28
Q

Gibb’s free energy equation

A

Delta G equals delta H minus T delta S

29
Q

Delta G

A

change in free energy

30
Q

Delta H

A

change in total energy (enthalpy)

Units: Joule

31
Q

Delta S

A

change in entropy

Units: Joule/Kelvin

32
Q

Delta T

A

absolute Temperature

Units: Kelvin 0K= -273 C; 25 C = 298K

33
Q

In Gibb’s free energy equation all the units

A

but joules cancel out

34
Q

Negative Delta G is

A

spontaneous

35
Q

Positive Delta G is

A

not spontaneous

36
Q

Delta G = 0

A

is no reaction, equilibrium

37
Q

AB = A+B

A

same rate, equilibrium

38
Q

Chemical reactions is

A

reversible

39
Q

Process is spontaneous if

A

moving toward equilibrium

40
Q

If requires energy to move away from equilibrium is

A

non-spontaneous

41
Q

Exergonic Reactions

A

reaction with a net release of free energy; downhill

42
Q

Exergonic reactions is what kind of Delta G

A

negative

43
Q

Endergonic reactions

A

reactions which absorb free energy; uphill

44
Q

Endergonic reactions is what kind of Delta G

A

Postive

45
Q

Metabolic Disequilibrium

A

constant flow of materials in and out of the cell

46
Q

Closed systems eventually reach equilbrium and can no

A

longer do work

47
Q

open system can

A

maintain disequilibrium

48
Q

Energy form exergonic reactions phosphorylates ADP to ATP then

A

ATP is used to drive endergonic reactions

49
Q

Enzymes

A

catalytic proteins; substrate specific

50
Q

Catalysts

A

change chemical reaction rates; is NOT consumed by reactions

51
Q

Active site

A

region of the enzyme that is shaped to fit the substrate

52
Q

Induced fit

A

change in enzyme configuration to fit substrate even better once it enters the active site

53
Q

Catalytic cycle: hydrolysis of sucrose is into

A

glucose and fructose

54
Q

Most enzymes can catalyze reactions in both the

A

forward and reverse directions

55
Q

Orient the substrate to make reaction favorable

A

put stress on bonds that need to be broken and place molecules in position so bonds can form

56
Q

Physical and chemical environment affect

A

enzyme activity

57
Q

Distinctive non amino acid atoms or molecular groupings that are permanently bound to their enzymes

A

prosthetic groups

58
Q

non-protein helpers that catalyze activity

A

cofactors

59
Q

organic molecule that serves as a cofactor

A

coenzymes

60
Q

compete for directly active site

A

competitive inhibitors

61
Q

why do they compete

A

they block the active sit so substrate cannot bind

Biology 189 (2 decks)

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