Chapter 7

Question 1

Metabolism

Answer 1

The totality of an organism’s chemical reactions, all the chemical reactions in a cell

Question 2

Metabolic pathways

Answer 2

alter molecules in a series of steps

Question 3

Two metabolic pathways

Answer 3

catabolic and anabolic

Question 4

Catabolic pathways

Answer 4

release energy by breaking down complicated molecules into simplier ones

Question 5

Catabolic energy is stored in

Answer 5

organic molecules until it is needed to do work

Question 6

Anabolic pathways

Answer 6

comsume energy by building complicated molecues

Question 7

Energy relased by catabolic activies is used

Answer 7

to drive anabolic pathways

Question 8

Energetic coupling

Answer 8

energy released from catabolic (downhill) reactions used to fuel anabolic (uphill) reactions

Question 9

Bioenergetics

Answer 9

physical and chemical laws that govern use of energy resources in living organisms

Question 10

Energy

Answer 10

is the ability to do work

Question 11

Forms of energy

Answer 11

kinetic, potential, and chemical

Question 12

Kinetic energy

Answer 12

is energy of motion

Question 13

Potential Energy

Answer 13

energy stored by an object due to its location or structure

Question 14

Chemical energy

Answer 14

important form of potential energy, energy is stored in atoms of molecules

Question 15

Chemical energy can be converted into kinetic energy by

Answer 15

cellular repiration and other metabolic processes

Question 16

1st Law of Thermodynamics

Answer 16

Energy cannot be created or destroyed and can only be transferred or transformed

Question 17

2nd Law of Thermodynamics

Answer 17

Every energy transfer adds to the entropy of the universe

Question 18

Entropy

Answer 18

measure of disorder or randomness

Question 19

Thermodynamic laws hold for a

Answer 19

closed system

Question 20

closed system

Answer 20

is no mass can be transferred in or out of the system boundaries

Question 21

Earth is what kind of system

Answer 21

open

Question 22

Energy that comes from the sun and

Answer 22

leave as heat

Question 23

Does the complexity of living organisms violate the laws of thermodynamics?

Answer 23

no

Question 24

Free enenergy is

Answer 24

spontaneous processes

Question 25

Free energy of the system

Answer 25

decreases

Question 26

System moves toward

Answer 26

stability or equilibrium

Question 27

Released energy is used to do

Answer 27

work

Question 28

Gibb's free energy equation

Answer 28

Delta G equals delta H minus T delta S

Question 29

Delta G

Answer 29

change in free energy

Question 30

Delta H

Answer 30

change in total energy (enthalpy) | Units: Joule

Question 31

Delta S

Answer 31

change in entropy | Units: Joule/Kelvin

Question 32

Delta T

Answer 32

absolute Temperature | Units: Kelvin 0K= -273 C; 25 C = 298K

Question 33

In Gibb's free energy equation all the units

Answer 33

but joules cancel out

Question 34

Negative Delta G is

Answer 34

spontaneous

Question 35

Positive Delta G is

Answer 35

not spontaneous

Question 36

Delta G = 0

Answer 36

is no reaction, equilibrium

Question 37

AB = A+B

Answer 37

same rate, equilibrium

Question 38

Chemical reactions is

Answer 38

reversible

Question 39

Process is spontaneous if

Answer 39

moving toward equilibrium

Question 40

If requires energy to move away from equilibrium is

Answer 40

non-spontaneous

Question 41

Exergonic Reactions

Answer 41

reaction with a net release of free energy; downhill

Question 42

Exergonic reactions is what kind of Delta G

Answer 42

negative

Question 43

Endergonic reactions

Answer 43

reactions which absorb free energy; uphill

Question 44

Endergonic reactions is what kind of Delta G

Answer 44

Postive

Question 45

Metabolic Disequilibrium

Answer 45

constant flow of materials in and out of the cell

Question 46

Closed systems eventually reach equilbrium and can no

Answer 46

longer do work

Question 47

open system can

Answer 47

maintain disequilibrium

Question 48

Energy form exergonic reactions phosphorylates ADP to ATP then

Answer 48

ATP is used to drive endergonic reactions

Question 49

Enzymes

Answer 49

catalytic proteins; substrate specific

Question 50

Catalysts

Answer 50

change chemical reaction rates; is NOT consumed by reactions

Question 51

Active site

Answer 51

region of the enzyme that is shaped to fit the substrate

Question 52

Induced fit

Answer 52

change in enzyme configuration to fit substrate even better once it enters the active site

Question 53

Catalytic cycle: hydrolysis of sucrose is into

Answer 53

glucose and fructose

Question 54

Most enzymes can catalyze reactions in both the

Answer 54

forward and reverse directions

Question 55

Orient the substrate to make reaction favorable

Answer 55

put stress on bonds that need to be broken and place molecules in position so bonds can form

Question 56

Physical and chemical environment affect

Answer 56

enzyme activity

Question 57

Distinctive non amino acid atoms or molecular groupings that are permanently bound to their enzymes

Answer 57

prosthetic groups

Question 58

non-protein helpers that catalyze activity

Answer 58

cofactors

Question 59

organic molecule that serves as a cofactor

Answer 59

coenzymes

Question 60

compete for directly active site

Answer 60

competitive inhibitors

Question 61

why do they compete

Answer 61

they block the active sit so substrate cannot bind