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Anthropology Part 2/3 > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

What is culture?

A

Helps humans survive, but is also a source of freedom

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2
Q

What are cultural traditions?

A

Arise out of imagination and cultural experimentation with the material world

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3
Q

What is entrenched?

A

Can be passed down and affect our future actions

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4
Q

When did we stop hunting a gathering as a main source of food?

A

about 10,000 years ago

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5
Q

What is new ecological settings?

A

Earth’s changing climate

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6
Q

What are ecological niches?

A

an organism actively changes its environment or a new environment

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7
Q

What is domesticate

A

Plants and animals is a form of niche construction:

  • Reproduction (interfering with by human actions)
  • Human action (change local environmental settings)
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8
Q

What caused sedentism?

A

Settling in one location, became increasingly common for farmers
-Wild plants (wheat, were transformed through domestication)
-

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9
Q

What is domestication of animals?

A

challenging to see archaeologically, but can be indicated by:

  • Animals (outside their natural range)
  • Physical changes(animal shape and size)
  • Abrupt increase (animal numbers in one location)
  • Increased numbers of males killed of meat
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10
Q

What are the six stages of animal domestication? (start with the the beginning)

A
  • Random hunting
  • Controlled hunting
  • Herd following
  • Loose herding
  • Close hearing
  • Factory farming
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11
Q

What is Broad-spectrum foraging?

A

One theory that views domestication as directly related to climate change

  • End of the Ice Age enabled more secure hunting, fishing, and gathering,
  • Population grew and became sedentary
  • Stress on resources led some to domesticate wild plants and animals
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12
Q

What is competition?

A

Local groups of dominance could have spurred domestication

  • Feasting (exchange might have increased demands for food)
  • Land (use would have increased)
  • Development (food production followed)
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13
Q

What are social factors?

A

Competitive feasting is difficult to see archaeologically

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14
Q

Three areas of the Americas plant and animal domestication.

A
  • Mesoamerica (maize ‘corn’ and squash)
  • South America (manioc, potatoes, beans, quinoa, llamas)
  • Eastern U.S (goose-foot, marsh elder, sunflowers, and squash
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15
Q

Why did people never go back to foraging?

A
  • Land was no longer freely available
  • Populations grew
  • Diseases were more readily spread
  • Surplus production of food became possible
  • Social stratification and social complexity increased
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16
Q

What is egalitarian social relations?

A

seen in early farming and herding societies
-No great differences were seen in wealth, prestige, or power
non-complex societies should not be seen as “simple”

17
Q

What is social complexity

A

Arose as social organization became stratified

18
Q

What is increasing differences?

A

access to wealth prestige or power

19
Q

What is Surplus production?

A

Few individuals becomes evident

-More food than bare minimum needed

20
Q

What is occupational specialization?

A

contributed to social stratification

21
Q

What are complex societies?

A
  • Large population
  • Extensive division of labor
  • Occupational specialization
  • Social stratification
22
Q

What are classes?

A
  • Ranked groups within hierarchically stratified complex societies
  • Defined primarily in terms or wealth, occupation, or other economic criteria
23
Q

What is the evidence of complex societies?

A
  • Monumental architecture (temples or pyramids)
  • Elaborate burials
  • Artifacts (concentrations that indicate occupational specialization)
  • Regional settlement (at least three levels of hierarchies)
24
Q

What is Prime movers or single factors?

A

Developed to explain the single cause factor rise of complex societies:

  • Domestication (supposedly gave people free time to invent complex social rules)
  • Irrigation (dry areas that required a complex bureaucracy to develop and manage complex canal systems
  • Population pressure (growing population that led to the rise of leaders to manage the populations)
  • Social conflict
25
Q

What is Robert Carneiro’s theory?

A
  • Environmental Circumscription (refers to the lack of new lands for people to cultivate)
  • Population Pressure (caused stress on the land available for cultivation)
  • Warfare (conflict between neighboring villages increased when operating together, these factors led to the rise of the states
26
Q

What is Early complex societies?

A
  • Periods of political unity alternated with those lacking political integration
  • Complicate our understanding of complex societies

Anthropology Part 2/3 (5 decks)

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