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Anthropology Part 2/3 > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Why is the Anthropology Archaeologist?

A

Helps human modification of the physical environment

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2
Q

What is archaeological record?

A

Interpret cultural variation and cultural changes deep into the past

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3
Q

How has Archaeologist changed over time?

A
  • Focusing on reconstructing material remains of the past
  • Strives to reconstruct the life-ways, or cultures of past people
  • Explain the cultural processes that created a culture and known as processual archaeology
  • Interpretive archaeology or postprocessual archaeology
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4
Q

Who are processual archaeologists?

A
  • Objective (empirical science)
  • Use mathematics to examine distribution of material remains over space and time
  • Emphasize human adaptation to different environments (functional approach)
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5
Q

Who are postprocessual archaeologists?

A
  • Human agency and the power of ideas and values when studying past cultures
  • Stress symbolic and cognitive aspects of societies
  • Examine power, domination, and internal contradictions within a society from the archaeological recod
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6
Q

What are the three parts of the Archaeological Records?

A
  • Artifacts (the portable objects made, used, or modified by hominins)
  • Eco-facts (plant or animal remains that are byproducts of hominin activities)
  • Features (non-portable remnants or hominin activities, such as walls, ditches, or mounds)
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7
Q

What is a site?

A

Represent a geographic location with the remains of past activities

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8
Q

How do you examine the the four types archaeological record?

A
  • Matrix (physical medium that surrounds, holds, and supports archaeological remains)
  • Association (two or more objects found in the same matrix)
  • Provenance (three-dimensional location of an object within the matrix)
  • Context (evaluation of what happened to an object after it entered the archaeological record)
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9
Q

Why do we interview?

A

Farmers or other who have accidentally encountered sites

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10
Q

Why do archaeologists survey?

A

Geographical region to find unknown sites

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11
Q

What is GIS (geographic information systems)

A

Used to organize site information

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12
Q

What are the three types of surveying?

A
  • Pedestrian (involves walking systematically across the ground and looking for surface remains)
  • Aerial (use planes to identify crop growth patterns or other signs indicating surface of buried remains)
  • Geophysical (uses sophisticated technology to “see” buried cultural remains)
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13
Q

Why do archaeologist excavate?

A

Site consists of the systematic uncovering of archaeological remains through careful removal of the matrix

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14
Q

Why are archaeologists moving away from excavation?

A

Always destructive

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15
Q

What is documentation?

A

Must be careful and thorough

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16
Q

How do archaeologist record sites?

A
  • Three-dimensional grid system

- Strati-graphic excavation (digging in layers)

17
Q

What is cataloging?

A

Involves classifying an object’s shape, material, and function

18
Q

What is an Assemblage?

A

Group of artifacts and features from a particular time and place in a site

19
Q

Why are Archaeological cultures important?

A

Constructed by grouping similar assemblages from many sites

  • Map similarities and differences across space
  • Maybe mistaking assumed to represent a real social group
20
Q

What is subsistence strategies?

A

Represent the different ways that varying societies meet basic survival needs

21
Q

How did archaeologists divide societies?

A
  • Foragers (food collectors who gather, fish, or hunt)

- Food producers (depends on domesticated plants or animals or both)

22
Q

What are the two types of food producers?

A
  • Pastoralists (herd animals)

- Farmers (practice intensive or extensive agriculture)

23
Q

What are societies?

A

Categorized into bands, tribes, chiefdom, and states that represent points on a continuum

24
Q

What are Band Societies?

A
  • Common social organization among foragers
  • NO more than 50 people
  • Provide roughly equal access to material or social valuables
  • Divide labor is based in age and sex
25
Q

What are Tribal societies?

A
  • Composed of farmer or herders
  • More people than band societies
  • Provide roughly equal access to material of social valuables
  • Divide labor basis of sodalities that group people based on age, sex, economic role, or personal interest
  • Can have a leader with greater prestige but not usually greater power or wealth
26
Q

What are Chiefdom Societies

A
  • More people than seen in tribal
  • Provide roughly unequal access to material or social valuables
  • Have a leader have privileged access to power, wealth, and prestige
  • Greater degree of craft production
  • May develop into states
27
Q

What are States?

A
  • Consist of a stratified society with unequal access to material or social valuables
  • Defined territory and a centralized government
  • Led by an elite with the power to tax and a monopoly on using force
  • May develop into empires by conquering other states
28
Q

Whose past is it?

A
  • Past can have meaning to people living today

- Descendant communities help deepen an understanding of the past

29
Q

What is the NAGPRA?

A
  • Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act
  • Protect Native American graves on federal or tribal land starting in 1990
  • Must inventory Native American human remains and cultural objects collected in past years
  • Items can be “repatriated” or returned to Native American groups
30
Q

How does Land development destroy sites?

A
  • Construction

- Mechanized Agriculture

31
Q

What id Gender Archaeology?

A

Recognizes that traditional archaeologists have often ignored the presence of women in the past

32
Q

What is Collaborative Archaeology?

A

Projects seek to study the past by working with descendant communities

33
Q

What is Archaeology as a tool of civic engagement?

A

An approach that seeks to use an understanding of the past to address modern social justice issues

Anthropology Part 2/3 (5 decks)

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