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BIO 111 > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

mitochondria

A
  • makes ATP, powerhouse of the cell
  • has a double membrane, outer an s inner with foldings
  • cristae- the folds of the inner membrane
  • cellular respiration takes place here
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2
Q

Oxidation and Reduction

A
  • oxidation involves the loss of electrons and reduction involves the gain of electrons
  • substrate level-phosphorylation and chemiosmosis
  • 2 ways to make ATP
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3
Q

energy intermediates

A
  • ATP- the main energy source, fully charged
  • ADP- uncharged
  • Pi- inorganic phosphate group
  • NADH-fully charged
  • NAD+- not charged
  • FADH2- fully charged
  • FAD- uncharged
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4
Q

Cellular Respiration

A
  • process by which living cells obtain energy from organic molecules
  • can use carbohydrates, proteins and fats
  • primary aim: to make ATP and NADH
  • aerobic respiration uses oxygen
  • O2 is consumed and CO2 is released
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5
Q

Cellular Respiration formula

A

organic molecules + O2 –> CO2 + H2O + Energy

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6
Q

Glucose Metabolism: 4 metabolic pathways

A
  1. glycolysis (sugar splitting)
  2. breakdown of pyruvate
  3. citric acid cycle
  4. oxidative phosphorylation
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7
Q

Stage 1: Glycolysis

A
  • can occur with or without oxygen
  • steps nearly identical in all living species
  • ten steps put in 3 phases
  • start with-glucose
  • end with 2 pyruvate molecules
  • take a 6 C glucose and split it into 2, 3 C molecules
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8
Q

Glycolysis Phase 1: Energy investment

A

-2 ATP hydrolyzed to create fructose-1,6 bisphosphate

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9
Q

Glycolysis: Phase 1: Cleavage

A

-6-carbon moelcule broken down into 2, 3-carbon molecules of G3P

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10
Q

Glycolysis: Phase 3: Energy Liberation

A
  • 2 G3P molecules brown down into 2 pyruvate molecules produces 2NADH and 4ATP
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11
Q

Glycolysis net yield

A
  • 2 ATP- energy
  • 2NADH- energy (used later)
  • 2 pyruvate molecules
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12
Q

Step 2: Breakdown of Pyruvate

A
  • Pyruvate transported to mitochondrial matrix
  • broken down by pyruvate dehydrogenase
  • moelcule of CO2 is removed
  • remaining acetyl group attached to CoA to make acetyl CoA
  • 1 NADH made for each pyruvate
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13
Q

Step 3: Citric Acid Cycle

A
  • Metabolic cycle- some molecules enter, others leave
  • acetyl is removed from CoA and attached to oxaloacetate to form citrate
  • series of steps releases 2CO2, 1ATP, 3NADH and 1FADH2
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14
Q

Stage 4: Oxidative Phosphorylation

A
  • high energy electron removed from NADH and FADH2 to make ATP
  • typically requires oxygen
  • involves ETC- in inner mitochondrial membrane
  • Phosphorylation of ADP to make ATP occurs by ATP synthase
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15
Q

Electron Transport Chain

A
  • group of protein complexes and small organic molecules embedded in inner mitochondrial membrane
  • accept or donate electrons in a series of redox reactions
  • electron movement generates H+ electrochemical gradient/proton motive force
  • excess positive charge outside of matrix
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16
Q

ETC: in detail; NADH

A
  • NADH is oxidized to NAD+
  • high energy e- transferred to NADH dehydrogenase to pump H+ into intermembrane space
  • e- transferred to ubiquinone
  • FADH2 oxidized to FAD: high energy e-‘s transferred to succinate reductase and then to ubiquinone
  • e- travels to cytochrome b-c; more H+ pumped out
  • e’s transferred to cytochrome c
17
Q

ETC: in detail; cytochrome oxidase

A
  • e;’s transferred to cytochrome oxidase; more H+ pumped out; e-‘s transferred to oxygen; water is produced
  • H+’s flow DOWN their gradient through ATP synthase; this energy is harnessed to make ATP
18
Q

Phosphorylation: ATP synthase

A
  • lipid bilayer of inner mitochondrial membrane relatively impermeable to H+
  • can only pass through ATP synthase
  • harnesses free energy release to synthesize ATP from ADP
  • chemiosmosis
19
Q

Chemiosmosis

A

chemical synthesis of ATP as a result of H+ flowing across a membrane

20
Q

ATP synthase

A
  • energy conversion-H+ electrochemical gradient or protonmotive force converted to chemical bond energy in ATP
  • rotary machine that makes ATP as it spins
  • contains several subunits that pump H+ and bind ADP to Pi
21
Q

NADH oxidation makes most of the cells ATP

A
  • NADH oxidation creates the H+ electrochemical gradient used to synthesize ATP
  • yield= up to 30-34 ATP molecules/glucose
  • but rarely achieve maximal amount because:
    1. NADH also used in anabolic pathways
    2. H+ gradient used for other purposes
22
Q

Carbs, Fat and Protein metabolism

A
  • other molecules besides glucose are used for energy too
  • enter into glycolysis or CAC at other points
  • using same pathway increases efficiency
  • also metabolism used to MAKE molecules
  • anabolism
23
Q

Carbohydrates

A

0 dont consume all of the carbohydrates in the form of pure glucose
-any carbs you eat get easily converted into glucose then the 4 steps

24
Q

Protein

A
  • proteins have building blocks of 20 AA

- different amino acids enter the same 4 steps but at different steps along the way

25
Q

Fats

A
  • super high energy
  • most are triglycerides
  • broken down into glycerol and separate fatty acids
  • glycerol goes into step 2 of glycoylsis and fatty acids get converted into acetyl CoA and from there they proceed right through the same pathway
26
Q

anabolic metabolism

A
  • metabolism without oxygen

- for environments that lack oxygen or during oxygen deficits

27
Q

Glucose has two pathways, with oxygen and without

A
  • they both start with glucose and use glycolysis to convert it into pyruvate
  • then without oxygen you get lactic acid and ethyl alcohol + CO2
  • with oxygen you get the krebs cycle then you get the ETC
28
Q

Strategy 1: Use other electron acceptors

A
  • E.coli uses nitrate under anaerobic conditions
  • NO3- + 2H+ + e- –> NO2- + H2O
  • makes ATP via chemiosmosis under aerobic conditions
  • ETC is in the plasma membrane
  • no mitochondria
29
Q

Strategy 2: Fermentation

A
  • many organisms can only use O2 as final electron acceptor

- in hypoxic situations, cells can make ATP via glycolysis only

30
Q

Fermentation: problems

A
  • 2 problems arise with glycolysis-only method of making ATP
    1. NADH levels build up
  • at high concentrations, NADH will haphazardly donate electrons to other molecules forming free radicals
    2. NAD+ levels drop
  • no NAD+ left to be reduced by glycolysis
31
Q

Fermentation: overcome problems

A
  1. muscle cells produce lactate from pyruvate

2. the electrons from NADH are sued to reduce pyruvate ad generate NAD+ –> glycolysis continues

32
Q

Fermentation: yeast

A
  • yeast break pyruvate into CO2 and acetaldehyde which is then reduced by NADH to ethanol and NAD+
  • produces far less ATP (2 vs. 34-38)
33
Q

Primary metabolism

A
  • synthesis and breakdown of molecules found in all life forms
  • essential for cell structure and function *
  • lipids, sugars, nucleotides, amino acids and macromolecules
34
Q

Secondary Metabolism

A
  • synthesis of secondary metabolites that are not necessary for cell structure and growth
  • unique to a species or group
  • not usually essential for survival *
  • commonly made in plants, bacteria and fungi
  • roles in defense, attraction, protection and competition
35
Q

Phenolics

A
  • antioxidants with intense flavors and smells

- neutralize free radicals within cells, helps cells protect there DNA or proteins

36
Q

Alkaloids

A
  • bitter-tasting molecules for defense

- ex: caffeine, nicotine, codeine

37
Q

Terpenoids

A
  • intense smells and colors

- ex: rubbery smell, taxol and citronella

38
Q

Polyketides

A
  • chemical weapons
  • bacteria use this
  • either to kill them or inflict illness on something

BIO 111 (17 decks)

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