Chapter 4 Flashcards
Cell Theory
- all living things are made of one or more cells
- cells are the smallest units of life
- cells give rise to more cells (cell division)
Prokaryotes
- have bacteria and archaea
-have been around longer
-first cell type
-smaller than Eukaryotes
no membrane bound organelles - unicellular, no nucleus
Typical Bacterial Cell
- inside the plasma membrane:
- cytoplasm
- Nucleoid region- no nucleus, but we do have areas where the DNA goes and becomes dense.
- ribosomes (make proteins)- site of protein synthesis- you take a bunch of amino acids and link them up to make a polypeptide chain
- Outside the plasma membrane:
- cell wall- made up of lipids, polysaccharides
- glycocalyx- sticky outside area and secretions
- appendages- hair like
- Plasma membrane is made outside of a macromolecule, that is a phospholipid bilayer
Eukaryotic Cells
- membrane-bound nucleus
- compartmentalized functions
- organelles
- variety in shape, size and organization (based on DNA)
- between species
- between cell types (also in prokaryotes)
- DNA is stored within a nucleus
- levels of complexity is very extreme
- also have flagella
- our DNA is stored in the nucleus and it is stored there
Centrosome
site where microtubules grow and centrioles are found
Nuclear Pore
passageway for molecules into and out of the nucleus
Nucleus
are where most of the genetic material is organized and expressed
Nucleolus
site for ribosome subunit assembly
Lysosome
site where macromolecules are degraded
Ribosome
site of polypeptide synthesis
Chromatin
a complex of protein and DNA
Plasma Membrane
membrane that controls movement of substances into and out of the cell; site of cell signaling
Cytosol
site of many metabolic pathways
Golgi Apparatus
site of modification, sorting and secretion of lipids and protiens
Peroxisome
site where hydrogen peroxide and other harmful molecules are broken down
Peroxisome
site where hydrogen peroxide and other harmful molecules are broken down
Cytoskeleton
protein filaments that provide shape and aid in movement
Mitochondrion
Site of ATP synthesis
Smooth ER
site of detoxification and lipid synthesis
Rough ER
site of protein sorting and secretion
Surface area to volume
- increasing surface area comes at expense of greatly increasing volume (if you don’t change shape)
- SA is the area exposed to the surface and outside world
- Volume- the space inside
- Example: if you increase the size without changing the shape, SA and volume don’t change at the same rate, so what happens is when something gets bigger, the ratio goes down
- Example: Picture; one has 27 cells other has one huge cell. They both take up the same amount of volume but the SA of them is not the same
Cytosol
- inside the plasma membrane, but outside organelles
- cytoplasm- everything inside plasma membrane
- liquidy
- includes organelles and cell walls
- main component is the liquid matrix in which everything exist in the cell
- Cytosol is the main region for eukaryotic metabolism(either breaking things down or building them up)
Molecular Synthesis & Breakdown
-sum of all chemical reactions by cells
-cytosol- main coordinating region for eukaryotic metabolism
- anabolism is going from small to large, dehydration or condensation reaction
catabolism- going from a large molecule to a small molecule
Cytoskeleton
- network of protein filaments
- 3 parts; microtubules, actin filaments(muscle contractions) and intermediate filaments
- they form networks to maintain cell shape
- within the cytosol we have a network of fibers
- cell motility is the ability of a cell to be able to move
- flagella is composed largely of these filaments