Chapter 7 Flashcards
At 20-30% VO2 max, lactate production is equal to?
Lactate elimination.
At what point is there more pyruvate going to lactate than to the kreb cycle for an untrained individual?
At >55% VO2.
At what point is there more pyruvate going to lactate than to the kreb cycle for a trained individual?
At >75% VO2.
A trained individual has what effects on protein synthesis.
Increase in overall synthesis, so more of the 1) # of protein and then 2) the active component of the enzyme is much more active.
Trained vs untrained: Which one is using storage for energy?
Trained
Why is there a curve before the steady state? Why does it take a few minutes to reach it?
Physical time constraint for body to use the oxygen RIGHT AWAY. Takes time for glycolysis to go on and pyruvate, to go into mitochondria and for the KC to do its cycle and hydrogens to go into the ETC.
What does the plateau (steady state) represent?
Oxygen that we’re starting to consume has now met the metabolic processes that are reaching that oxygen demand.
Who will reach steady state sooner: untrained or trained?
Trained.
What will the slope look like for someone who is diseased?
Very low slope, very slow adaption.
The “impulse” on the graph represents what?
Deficit of oxygen consumption.
How do you know when your client has reached their VO2 max?
No significant increase from one steady state to the other.
What is Ve?
Minute ventilation (?air/min)
What is Va?
Alevolar ventilation: How much air gets to the alveoli.
What happens if we block the alveoli and dont let air come in?
Wont have oxygen, and without adequate oxygen in alveoli, then there is no adequate oxygen in blood flow… Cant reach VO2 max.
Decreasing Ve, _________, Va.
decreases
Explain a pulmonary disease.
When the alveoli are blocked and air is not let in. No oxygen in alveoli, therefore in blood flow.
Describe a respiratory disease.
Blocks bronchi.
What are VO2 max levels if its a respiratory disease?
Very low
What is the normal Va/Q value?
0.8 (4L/min/5L/min)
How does a pulmonary disease affect Va/Q?
Numerator drops.
Lower value overall.
How does a cardiovascular disease affect Va/Q?
Denominator drops.
Higher value overall.
What happens if the person potentially has both diseases, in relation to the Va/Q?
Then the numbers might drop proportionally and the overall value may seem normal. But really, significantly lower VO2 max.
For females, how many grams of Hb, 100ml of blood?
13-15
For males, how many grams of Hb, 100ml of blood?
15-17
Where are RBC manufactured?
In bone marrow of long bones
Who has a more spongey bone: male or female?
Male
If males have a more spongey bone, what does that mean?
More availability to make RBC in males than females.
The more Hb you have, the more capacity you have to transport ________ to your tissues.
Oxygen.
What are the values for polycythemia?
17-20 g Hb/100 ml.
Explain polycythemia’s effects.
The blood gets thicker (increased blood viscosity), cause of the blood’s denseness. You have to pump harder in order to get the same blood amounts out.
What are the anemic values?
12g Hb/100ml of blood.
What are the values for someone in a disease state?
8-10 Hb g / 100 ml of blood.
What is multiple myelinoma?
Lower than normal hemoglobin value in bone marrow.
Explain the relationship between altitude and oxygen.
The higher you go, the less oxygen there is.
What is the Fick equation.
VO2 = Q * (a-v O2 difference) VO2max = Qmax * (a-v O2 difference)max
Explain the fick equation.
How much blood can get to the muscle and how much oxygen the muscle can be used.
What is the equation for Q?
Q = HR * SV
HR being (220-age).
What is a normal stroke volume?
60-70ml/beat
What is the max a stroke volume could be?
120-140ml/beat
Your max stroke volume depends mainly on what factor?
How well your left ventricle can contract.
Explain what a-v o2 difference is.
Difference between whats coming into muscle and whats leaving, so the value is what was actually absorbed by the skeletal muscle.
What is your a-v O2 difference at rest?
Low
What is your a-v O2 difference during moderate exercise (60-75%)?
Same amount of xygen coming in. More oxygen is going to be delivered to the tissue. less will be in your veins compared to rest. HENCE, a-v difference is a bit higher than at rest.
At your VO2 max, what is your a-v O2 difference?
Still carrying oxygen at same amount. Will have less in veins compared to rest and moderate exercise. a-v difference is highest it can be.
What are the 2 things that affect VO2 max?
Muscle fiber type, muscle fiber recruitment.
If you sit on the bike passively for half hour-45 min, lactic acid will ________ (increase/decrease).
Decrease
Explain how you would actively recover from lactic acid after exercise.
Difference between whats coming into muscle and whats leaving, so the value is what
What is the optimal VO2 max recovery for lactic acid removal? (active)
35-40%
What happens if you choose a VO2 max of above 55% to try and reduce your lactate levels?
It will decrease but take longer to get rid of.
Clearance of lactate is proportional to what?
The blood flow in the tissues.
Explain the relation between lactate clearance and blood flow of tissues.
If your blood flow is greater during recovery, then you will be working more to carry lactate out.
Which tissues uptake lactate?
Liver, SM, skin, heart, kidneys, etc…
Which is the most effective organ that takes up lactate?
Liver
Explain the liver’s uptake of lactate.
Gluconeogenesis happens!!!!! Lactate released from skeletal muscle, into blood stream it goes, goes through entire system then is taken up by the liver, turned into pyruvate and then into glycogen…
Explain the skeletal muscle’s uptake of lactate.
Some lactate goes into blood stream, can go back to exercising muscle, or heart, etc, and then taken back up and turned into pyruvate, into KB, into ETC to help form ATP.
Explain what the muscle can’t do in comparison to the liver.
It cannot turn into glycogen!!!!
What is EPOC?
excess post exercise oxygen consumption
Why dont our oxygen levels go straight to zero after we stop exercising?
our metabolism is still fast and high, cant just stop KC in the middle, need to replenish all our ATPs and PCrs.
What are the 4 goals of EPOC?
repayment of ATP to PCRs, lactate removal, thermic effect, SNS.
Why do you need EPOC for lactate removal?
In order to get the lactate going to pyruvate, to KC, etc… (Oxygen needed to uptake lactate back into muscle to break it down to ATP synthesis).
What are the hormones of the SNS?
Norep, and epi
Explain what happens to the SNS hormones when you stop exercising.
The hormones are still floating in the system. They attach to protein receptors, and cause excitation of skeletal muscle (bad, cause you want your muscle to cool down and relax). They tell the skeletal muscle to consume oxygen. Once epi and norepi clear from the blood then they wont stimulate skeletal muscle to consume more oxygen, that’s why it finally ends up decreasing until homeostasis is reached.
How fast can we go to rest? Depends on 3 things.
- Depends on intensity of exercise: the lower the intensity, the faster you can get down to homeostasis.
- Depends on the duration of your activity, greater the duration, the longer the EPOC will be.
- Depends on training level.
Which factors are related to lactate threshold?
Low tissue oxygen, reliance of glycolysis, activation of FT muscle fibers and reduced lactate removal.
High intensity exercise in short duration requires which metabolic process?
Anaerboic… pyruvate –> lactate
What does NADH stand for?
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
How does lactate form from pyruvate in relation to NAD+
Imbalance in NAD+/NADH ratio causes pyruvate to accept the excess hydrogens (floating around from cell’s capacity for shuttling hydrogens down resp chain). Pyruvate + 2 hydrogens = lactic acid.
Which enzyme is in fast twitch fibers to favor the conversion of pyruvate to lactate?
LDH (lactate dehydrogenase)
Beyond several minutes of exercise, which provides the energy: anarobic or aerobic?
Aerobic
What does the steady state reflect?
Balance between energy required by the working muscle and ATP production in aerobic metabolism.
Is any lactate produced under steady-rate metabolic conditions?
NO
What is oxygen deficit?
Expresses the difference between the total oxygen consumption during exercise and the total that owuld be consumed had steady-state rate oxygen consumption been achieved from the start.
What does this oxygen deficit in the early stage of exercise represent?
Immediate anaerobic energy transfer from the hydrolysis of intramuscular high energy phosphates and glycolysis until steady state energy transfer matches energy demands.
Relationship between energy contribution of ATP-PCr and lactate and size of the oxygen deficit.
? LOL
When do anaerobic and aerobic work together (main)?
Right before complete glycogen depletion, lactate will already begin to form. So, rapid glycolysis also contributes anaerobic energy in the initial stages of vigorous activity, well before full use of high energy phosphates.
explain how you would find the client’s VO2 max based on the test from the graph(Fig 7.4)
The region where oxygen consumption plateaus or increases only slightly with additional increases in exercise intensity represents the maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max)
VO2 max provides a quantitative measure of what?
A person’s capacity for aerobic ATP resythesis.
What are the 5 physiological systems that affect VO2 max?
1) Pulmonary ventilation, 2) hemoglobin concentration, 3) blood volume and cardiac output, 4) peripheral blood flow and 5) aerobic metabolism.
Which has the largest oxygen deficit: low, moderate, high intensity exercise?
High intensity.
Whats the difference in recovery between mild (short duration) exercise and high intensity strenuous exercise?
Mild (short duration) = recovery quick
high intensity strenuous = slower, because of blood lactate, body temp, and thermogenic hormone increase.
All the things that happen following EPOC
Resynthesize ATP and PCr Resynthesize lactate to glycogen Oxidize lactate in energy Restore oxygen to myoglobin and blood Thermogenic effects of temp and hormones Physiologic effects
is this true
As long as you’re in steady state you will not have….
lactate buildup
Active recovery usually involves submaximal exercise at what VO2max
30 to 45%
What is the most important part of aerobically exercising during recovery?
You eliminate blood lactate faster
Why does active recovery cause blood lactate removal?
Probably due to increased perfusion of blood / increased blood flow
Which stores are the ones that provide energy for short-duration intense exercise?
ATP-PCr stores
Active or recovery: which is better?
active muddafuckaz
