Chapter 2

Question 1

What are free radicals?

Answer 1

Highly unstable, chemically reactive, contains at least one unpaired electron.

Question 2

What happens 95% of the time with the ETC?

Answer 2

O2 will be consumed, ATP will be formed, CO2 gas formed and water and other elements are going to leave the mitochondria.

Question 3

What happens 2-3% of the time with the ETC?

Answer 3

Super oxide!

Question 4

What are the bad things that can happen because of super oxide?

Answer 4

O- binds to lipid layer and starts to disintegrate it… causing passages to be destroyed and overall functioning to be bad. As well as DNA destruction and mutations to the DNA.

Question 5

What is the term for destroying the membrane?

Answer 5

Lipid peroxidation

Question 6

Lipid peroxidation can cause…?

Answer 6

DNA destruction, DNA mutation, cardiac dysfunction and neurodegenerative dysfunction, as well as in some cases cancer.

Question 7

Explain what oxidative stress is.

Answer 7

As you exercise, you increase your oxygen consumption and that increases the appearance of more super oxides which allow you susceptible to a lot of damage.

Question 8

What combats our super oxides?

Answer 8

Our antioxidants and our vitamin E, C and A

Question 9

What is the equation for antioxidants combating super oxide?

Answer 9

O- + O- ——–(superoxide dismutase)——-> H2O2 + O2

Question 10

What happens when antioxidant enzyme comes into contact with free radicals?

Answer 10

It turns it into hydrogen peroxide (still a free radical, but not as radical as O-) and oxygen. Still want to break down H2O2 so….

H2O2 ———(catalase)———> H2O + O2
catalase is another antioxidant enzyme.
This way the free radicals are neutralized!

Question 11

Which vitamin is the strongest: E, C or A?

Answer 11

E

Question 12

Why do they combat super oxides?

Answer 12

Because they contain antioxidants themselves!

Question 13

Explain what antibiotic defense up regulation means.

Answer 13

The antibiotic defense upregulates, so with more exercise experience (more training), the better this process to fight back will be! The more fit you are, the better.

Question 14

What is calcium important for?

Answer 14

muscle contraction, propagation of AP, bone formation, development of bone-mineral density (BMD)

Question 15

Aging results in __________ BMD.

Answer 15

Decreased

Question 16

When do we start to see a decrease in BMD (age)?

Answer 16

30 years old

Question 17

Is BMD genetic?

Answer 17

Yes, when looking at BMD levels when older.

Question 18

What is osteopenia?

Answer 18

Weakened bone structures

Question 19

Which SD is osteopenia?

Answer 19

1 SD below normal deviation.

Question 20

What is osteoporosis?

Answer 20

Weakened bone density

Question 21

What is the SD for osteoporosis?

Answer 21

Equal to or greater than 2.5 SD below normal deviation

Question 22

What range of kids have osteoporosis?

Answer 22

10-13 years old

Question 23

What is the primary defense against bone loss with age?

Answer 23

Calcium uptake

Question 24

What are the best type of exercise for improving bone loss?

Answer 24

Strength and power

Question 25

When are the benefits of exercise on bone density greatest?

Answer 25

During childhood and adolescence (hence when peak bone mass increases to the greatest extent).

Question 26

Explain the female triad.

Answer 26

1) Increase in activity (6-8 hours a day)
2) Food intake low/poor diet
3) Decrease in estrogen (promotes bone density; this decrease is brought on by intensity and level of training)
Also, no menstrual cycle… until almost 18.

Question 27

How can you measure BMD?

Answer 27

DEXA - dual energy xray absorptiometre.

Question 28

What does osteoporosis LOOK like?

Answer 28

Hole-y bones

Question 29

Is DEXA high or low dosage of xray?

Answer 29

low