Chapter 7 Flashcards
1
Q
Voluntary Nervous System
know your directions
A
Dorsal vs Ventral (Posterior vs Anterior)
Medial vs Lateral
Cranial vs Caudal (Rostral vs Caudal or Superior vs Inferior)
2
Q
be able to draw the adult cross section
A
slide 4
no ventral mesentary
3
Q
The Basic Vertebrate Cross Section (Adult Version)
A
understand it lmao
4
Q
gray matter contains
A
cell bodies, not wrapped in mylin
5
Q
white matter
A
axons are traveling, bundles of axons (cell bodies)
6
Q
In CNS tract is
A
a bundle of axons
7
Q
In the PNS usally a nerve,
A
not going to be a nerve, until you get a dorsal & ventral portion together, those two pieces are beginning of a nerve
8
Q
ventral portion associated with
A
ventral root
9
Q
dorsal portion associated with
A
dorsal root
10
Q
posterior gray horn
A
somatic sensory nuclei
visceral sensory
11
Q
lateral gray horn
A
visceral motor nuclei
12
Q
sensory neuron
A
sensory through dorsal root, up towards the brain, dont have the axons coming out, PNS neurons synapse on cell bodies
13
Q
motor nuclei somatic
A
anterior gray horn
14
Q
somatic nuclei are
A
more superficial than visceral
15
Q
motor nuclei
A
ventral root, signal down from brain, synapse on cell body in here, in the somatic, send out from its axon into PNS
16
Q
only cells that contributing to the ventral root
A
motor nuclei(efferent)
17
Q
dorsal root
A
sesnroy nuclei affarent axons
18
Q
bumb in dorsal root ganglion
A
CNS nuclei that are recieving from the axons which are coming through the dorsal root, this is where the dorsal root axon are located, direct result of having unipolar morphology
19
Q
ganglion
A
collection of cell bodies in the PNS
20
Q
nerves in periphery
A
contain motor and sensory
21
Q
move laterally what happens
A
you have a dorsal root with a ganglion, you have a ventral root, that will form a nerve (mixed spinal nerve-both motor and sesnory)
22
Q
review 14:55
A
talks about dorsal root, axon, cell bodies
23
Q
mixed spinal nerves form
A
a trunk, branches out
24
Q
branches out
A
ramus, you have a dorsal and ventral root (symp. branch authonomic NS)
25
describe hyp. vs. exp.
epx. hold spine erect
26
dorsal ramus
only innervate epaxial muscles
27
dorsal root not the same thing as dorsal ramus
know the difference lol
28
ventral ramus (comes all the way down)
hypaxial muscles
29
neurons that exsist of the mixed spinal nerve, rami, etc. ?
presynaptic neuron, postsynaptic neuron axon potential is propigated through the axon
30
fiber type means?
somatic afferent
somatic efferent
visceral efferent
visceral afferent
31
inside of dorsal root you can
carry different fibers
can carry signals sensory information from your brain to your organs
--carry
32
carry sensory info. from your brain to from your organs is important because
you have to understand that you stomach is constricted or dilated, your brain has to know that, so you carry sensory information through the visceral afferent fibers these fibers can come form your organs inside your body but however there are unconcious sensations that you have to send back to your brain regarding if your vessciles are constricted or dialted, your brain has to know that if it has to cool you down or warm u up
33
what are the two basic divions of your body
epaxial /hypx.
from the ventral ramus you are going to return visceral sesnory info. from your vessels and other unconcious structure coming from hyp. region coming through the ventral ramus
34
listen to
minute 34
35
dorsal ramus
getting info unconcious sensory region from your expaxial region, glands that are back there, sesory info is coming through the dorsal ramus
36
regardless of where it comes from your organs hyp. or epaxial those fibers..
have to pass through the mixed spinal nerve then they go into the dorsal root, go past the cell body, go into the visceral afferent nucleus post.gray horn of your NS, they are going to synapse on cell bodies inside of that, signal goes up to brain so thats VISCERAL
37
how is somatic different from visceral in terms of interrpurting signals
you're not recieving info from your guts but you have to be aware of whether you're contracting hypaxial or epaxial musculature, conciously aware of those types of things,
38
sensory pathways
conciously aware of pressure on you whether its on hyp. or epax., somatic sensory comes in through the ventral ramus from hypx. ...somatic sensory comes in from the dorsal ramus from the epax. that youre conciously aware of, goes through mixed spinal nerve, into the dorsal ramus, passes the dorsal root ganglion and synapses in the somatic afferent nucleus and then sends info to your brain
39
you have to understand for the upper motor neurons are referred to
are contained in the CNS and synapse onto lower motor neurons , singal that is coming from the brain uses a upper motor neuron carried down the axons inside of the spinal tracts, those axons will go into one of those nuclei tht it synapeses ona lower motor neuron
40
lower motor neurons
have cell bodies in the CNS (we will focus on the spinal cord) and their axons extend into PNS
41
last mintues on lecture 7 part one/ lecture 7 slide 13 recording
listen to recordings, slide 12
42
ANS
four different ways it can go
43
from slide 12 three imp. concepts
three main points:
1.only seeing lower motor neurons and what they do is they send their axons through the ventral root and only the ventral root where they combine in the mixed spinal nerve, givesmotor neurons access to hypx. or epax. or internal organs
2. when you're looking at the somatic vs. visceral, somatics can go directly to their target structure in the epax. or hypx.
with the visceral when it leaves to the ventral root it can not go directly through its target structure it has to use a second neuron, a post gangloic neuron to reach its target,
3. lower motor, only going into the PNS, not seeing the upper that are bringing signal to the lower
44
how sensory and motor work together
reflex arcs
45
what are the two types of reflex arcs?
monosynaptic, polysynaptic
46
monosynaptic
Stretch reflex, signal sometimes to brain, typically something you're not aware of, not feeling it, feel muscles contracting becoming aware of it
goes directly to motor nuclei, going to contract the muscle, knee test,
47
polysynaptic
```
Withdrawal reflex (flexor reflex)
Crossed extensor reflex
```
48
stretch reflex only involves
the somatic afferent and somatic efferent, not involving upper motor, doesnt need to go brain, automatically
49
stretch reflex Biceps
C5, C6
50
stretch reflex Brachioradialis
C6
51
stretch reflex Triceps
C7
52
stretch reflex Patellar
L4
53
stretch reflex Calcaneal Tendon
S1
54
reflex arc damage to the ventral root means
motor damage, can sense it but can't contract back
55
reflex arc damage to the dorsal root means
sensory damage, can't sense reflex
56
withdrawal reflex
polysnaptic, multiple things contract, painful stimulus gets send back from your somatic afferent you're conciously aware, going to synapse on an interneuron because its inbetween the sensory and motor components, combines both of them
57
what does an interneuron do?
sends signal to brain so that you're conciously aware of ow that hurt, at the same time to the brain, sending singals to motor neurons
58
two different types of signals of an interneuron
excitatory and inhibitory
what youre going to do is when you get the painful stimulus youre going to have to excite and stimulate the flexor muscles so you can pull back the limb but youre going to inhbit the extensor muscles, prevent muscles from drawing your limb back, contracting the muscles drawing muscles back
59
crossed extensors
also polysnaptic, painful stimulus, carried along your somatic afferent all the way back to you spinal cord again synapses on an interneuron,
60
detailed description of a crossed extensors
that interneuron sends the info to the brain you stepped on something painful @ the same time send signals too**both sides of the spinal cord
61
interesting part of a crossed extensor
if you only send the signal to contract need to send signal to other side, the other leg wont be ready to support the weight, send signals to both side
62
which side recieves what signal of a crossed extensor reflex arc
leg that receives pain: flexor
send signal to extensors on other side so that it will contract, support your weight
send signals to brain however the signal doesnt make you realize that the signal makes teling you what should contract, work indepdently of upper motor neuron
63
crossed extensor reflex, leg that is hurt:
extensors inhibited, flexors stimulated
64
leg that is not hurt, crossed extensor reflec
extensors stimulated, flexors inhibited
65
three layers that cover the nerves in CNS
known as meninges
66
superficial to deep meninges
1dura matter tough connective mother protects spinal cord and brain
2arachnoid matter (spider) connective tissue trubuclae
3pia matter soft, flimsy,
67
what else provides protection to your CNS
you have cerebral spinal fluid, cushion protect things, inbetween meninges
68
meninges do what
when you leave the CNS, wraps tightly around the spinal nerve as it leaves your vertebral column, forms a cuff
69
pia matter has?
extensions coming off, called denticulate ligaments come off of pia, extend to dura, see them inbetween those dorsal roots and ventral roots, they anchor the CNS in place, prevents spinal cord from moving aroundyour hard vertebral column
70
what is an overall two important concepts of nerves?
segmentation and that they get dragged down caudually
71
dragging in detail
actual CNS matches up with their bony regions, occupies the entire the bony region (vertbral column) bones grow, CNS will not grow CNS stops growing, PNS will grow, CNS drap spinal nerve and ventral and dorsal roots down so nerves still merges inferior, very long nerve roots
72
Coneus mediarlarus
has connective tissue, very end of the meninges, where dura ends, Where dura ends anchors with the final filum terminale,
purpose to anchor your spinal cord so it doesnt bang into your vertbrae
73
cauda equina
consist of nerve root (looks like horses tail) not the actually nerve, the dorsal and ventral roots that contribute to the spinal nerves
74
segmentation
Even as an adult, still have association of segments and segmental nerves
- dermatomes, strips of your dermis specifically to a nerve, innovating it
- have names of nerve innervating it
- easiet on axial portion of ur body,
- you started as a weird teddy bear, rotated skin strips with it
- only particular parts of your skin because virus only on specific nerves of segmentation
75
there are segments have to understand that
segments can connect to each other, plexsus
76
plexsus**
A complex interconnection of adjacent segmental nerves.
77
your limbs only develop from hyp. regions
Because they develop from hypaxial region, where do they get the innovation? ventral rami!
78
how does a plexsus affect the body?
Reorder themselves so they have finer control better control which is going down to your appendages
Gives us finer control, will reorganize itself over the innervation to large block of musuclature so finer control of nervous system
79
how a plexsus works in the nervous system
-many nerves one target structure, multiple nerves, finer control so more control over a big block of musculature
-one single segement,
split up so it has control over more segments
80
how do we gain finer control in a plexsus
in a plexsus, a nervous, can go to one nerve with many targets, many nerves to one single target
81
how many segments does a limb consist of
6
82
limb splits into six
limb is going to be seperated out into a dorsal division and a ventral division
83
dorsal muscles
extend or elevate your limb
84
ventral muscles
flex, depress
85
THE LUMBO-SACRAL
PLEXUS
for limbs
lumbar and sacral nerves involved, basic idea, divide into dorsal and ventral, then divide into cranio(superior) /caudual(inferior) gives us four nervous structures that we're dealing with
86
lumbo-sacral plexsus femoral is what quadrant?
cranial-dorsal
87
lumbo-sacral plexsus obdurator is what quadrant?
cranial-ventral
88
lumbo-sacral plexsus peroneal/fib is what quadrant?
caudal-dorsal
89
lumbo-sacral plexsus tibialis what quadrant?
caudal-ventral
90
combination of peroneal and tibial is the
sciatic nerve
91
gleuteals
associated with peroneal nerve, be able to seperate themselves
92
L2, L3, L4 Lumbosacral Plexus
Femoral
93
L3, L4Lumbosacral Plexus
Obturator
94
L4, L5Lumbosacral Plexus
Peroneal
95
L4, L5, S1
| Lumbosacral Plexus
Superior gluteal
96
Lumbosacral Plexus S1,S2
Tibial
97
Femoral relates to which muscles?
Hip flexors, quadriceps
| L2, L3, L4
98
Obturator relates to which muscles?
Adductors
| L3-L4
99
Peroneal relates to which muscles?
Tibialis anterior
| L4,L5
100
Superior gluteal relates to which muscles?
Gluteus medius and gluteus minimus
| L4,L5,S1
101
Tibial relates to which muscles?
Gastrocnemius
S1, S2
102
breaking down the brachial plexsus
```
5/6 segmental roots
three trunks
6 divisions
three cords
5 terminal nerves
```
103
c4,c5,c6 THE BRACHIAL PLEXUS
superiortrunk
104
c7THE BRACHIAL PLEXUS
middle trunk
105
c8,t1 THE BRACHIAL PLEXUS
inferior trunk
106
each three trunks (superior, middle, and inferior in the brachial plexsus) divides into
its component dorsal and ventral divisions (recall dorsal and ventral mm.)
107
All dorsal divisions unite to give in the THE BRACHIAL PLEXUS
POSTERIOR CORD.
108
ventral divisions in the THE BRACHIAL PLEXUS
LATERAL & MEDIAL CORDS
109
POSTERIOR CORD what terminal nerves? in the THE BRACHIAL PLEXUS
AXILLARY N.
RADIAL N.
110
LATERAL & MEDIAL CORDS what terminal nerves? in the THE BRACHIAL PLEXUS
MUSCULOCUTANEOUS N.
MEDIAN N.
ULNAR N.
111
C5, C6Brachial Plexus
-Axillary,nerve
Deltoid, Long head of triceps brachii
-Musculocutaneous,nerve
Biceps brachii, Brachioradialis
112
C7, C8Brachial Plexus
Radial
| Other triceps heads, extensors
113
C8, T1Brachial Plexus
Median
| Most wrist flexors, radial side digital flexors
114
C8, T1Brachial Plexus
Ulnar
| Ulnar side wrist and digital flexors
115
understand branchial plexsus
slide 34
116
upper motor neurons vs. lower motor
Locations are different and key to knowing the difference
-upper CNS
show different signs
117
causes may very in upper and lower neurons
Causes may vary
Trauma nerve or nerve in CNS
Disease
118
Possible Signs
| of upper motor and lower motor neurons
Paresis=weakness
| Plegia=paralized
119
types of plegia
Quadriplegiaall four, paraplegia, hemiplegia, monoplegia-onelimb
120
Lower Motor Neuron Lesions characteristics
```
Atrophy
Hypotonia
Hyporeflexia
Tends to affect small groups of muscles
provide nutrition to muscle
```
121
hypotonia
loss of reflex, lower motor nueonrs(goes to muscle cell to contract) if you damage the neuron, cannot provide that baseline signal for contraction, flacid
122
hypoflexia
can still sense, lost of reflex, weak or absent, don’t show the reflex, uses lower motor neurons, wont carry signal to muscle, could be weak or absent reflex
123
Tends to affect small groups of muscles, lower motor lesion
not CNS, so specific muscles.. lower motor neurons, they go to specific muscles- only going to affect very small groups of muscles
maybe cannot flex, but can extend just fine because its so specific
124
if you had damage to peroneal nerve, (shin)
```
Trauma to knee or fibula
Nerve root L4, L5, S1 lesion
Foot Drop, toe drag
called=Steppage gait, equine gait, slapping gait
localized nerve damage
```
125
Damage to superior gluteal nerve (like baby walking)
Trauma to buttocks (stabbing, intramuscular injection)
Hip Drop
called waddling gait
126
Saturday night palsy, crutch palsy
| (lower motor)
Damage to radial nerve
| Wrist Drop, inability to extend arm
127
Upper Motor Neuron Lesions
```
Atrophy is rare
Hypertonia
-Spasticity, clonus
Hyperreflexia
Tends to affect large groups of muscles
```
Muscles working against gravity are stronger
-Pointing toes, upper limb flexors, lower limb extensors
128
upper motor
not just carrying signald when you want, constantly sending to lower motor neurons, baseline inhibition, no longer sending a contraction signal
129
hypertonia
contraction signal is not being reduced by upper neuron, muscles are rigid and tight
-get spasticity(stretch quickly,not inhibiting signal,reflex stretching is strong, stretches several times), clonus(stretches and locks in place contracting strongly, shows how strong the lower motor neurons are causing the muscle to contract when you dont inhbit them with an upper motor neuron
130
hypperreflexia
reflexes are stronger,
131
upper motor neuron lesions affects
affect large groups of muscles
| as well as many lower muscle neurons
132
Muscles working against gravity are stronger becomes stronger than those not contracting gravity in upper motor neuron , what are examples???
Pointing toes, upper limb flexors, lower limb extensors, become much much stronger.
Lower limb-harder for you to walk, leg muscles are more tense, difficult to walk
133
Circumduction gait (hemiparesis) half of body
Leg extensors are hypertonic, difficult to flex knee and raise toes
May be due to stroke,
or even lesion in cervical spinal cord if arms are involved, what is the effect?
Swinging leg out
134
Scissors gait (paraparesis) bottom half down (cerebral palsy)
Leg extensors are hypertonic, difficult to flex knees and raise toes
May be due to trauma in thoracic region or cerebral palsy
-affecting upper motor neurons, they can still demonstrate reflexes, lose a large scale of musculature
