chapter 7

Question 1

Approach (Confrontative, Vigilant) Coping Style

Answer 1

The tendency to cope with distressful events by tacking them directly and attempting to develop solutions; may ultimately be an especially effective method of coping, although it may produce accompanying stress.

Question 2

Avoidant (Minimizing) Coping Style

Answer 2

The tendency to cope with threatening events by withdrawing, minimizing, or avoiding them; believed to be an effective short-term, though not an effective long-term, response to stress.

Question 3

Buffering Hypothesis

Answer 3

The hypothesis that coping resources are useful primarily under conditions of high stress and not necessarily under conditions of low stress.

Question 4

Control-enhancing Interventions

Answer 4

Interventions with patients who are awaiting treatment for the purpose of enhancing their perceptions of control over those treatments.

Question 5

Coping

Answer 5

The process of trying to manage demands that are appraised as taxing or exceeding one’s resources. Series of transactions between a person, who as a set of resources, values, and commitments, and a particular environment. 2nd component is breadth (diagram)

Question 6

Coping Outcomes

Answer 6

The beneficial effects that are thought to result from successful coping; these include reducing stress, adjusting more successfully to it, maintaining emotional equilibrium, having satisfying relationships with others, and maintaining a positive self-image.

Question 7

Coping Style

Answer 7

An individual’s preferred method of dealing with stressful situations.

Question 8

Direct Effects Hypothesis

Answer 8

The theory that coping resources, such as social support, have beneficial psychological and health effects under conditions of both high stress and low stress.

Question 9

Emotion-focused coping

Answer 9

Efforts to regulate emotions associated with a stressful encounter; can be associated with distress.

Question 10

Emotional-approach Coping

Answer 10

The process of clarifying, focusing on, and working through the emotions experienced in conjunction with a stressor; generally has positive effects on psychological functioning and health.

Question 11

Emotional Support

Answer 11

Indications from other people that one is loves, valued, and cared for; believed to be an important aspect of social support during times of stress.

Question 12

Informational Support

Answer 12

The provision of information to a person experiencing stress by friends, family, and other people in the individual’s social network; believed to help reduce the distressing and health-compromising effects of stress.

Question 13

Invisible Support

Answer 13

Support received from another person that is outside the recipient’s awareness.

Question 14

Matching Hypothesis

Answer 14

The hypothesis that social support is helpful to an individual to the extent that the kind of support offered satisfies the individual’s specific needs.

Question 15

Negative Affectivity

Answer 15

A personality variable marked by a pervasive negative mood, including anxiety, depression, and hostility; believed to be implicated in the experience of symptoms, the seeking of medical treatment, and possibly illness. Associated with elevated ecortisol secretion and increased adrenocoritcal activiyty

Question 16

Problem-focused Coping

Answer 16

Attempts to do something constructive about the stressful situations that are harming, threatening, or challenging an individual.

Question 17

Psychological Control

Answer 17

The perception that one has at one’s disposal a response that will reduce, minimize, eliminate, or offset the adverse effects of an unpleasant event, such as a medical procedure.

Question 18

Self-esteem

Answer 18

A global evaluation of one’s qualities and attributes.

Question 19

Social Support

Answer 19

Information from other people that one is loved and cared for, esteemed and valued, and part of a network of communication and mutual obligation.

Question 20

Stress Carriers

Answer 20

Individuals who create stress for others without necessarily increasing their own level of stress.

Question 21

Stress Management

Answer 21

A program for dealing with stress in which people learn how they appraise stressful events, develop skills for coping with stress, and practice putting these skills into effect.

Question 22

Stress Moderators

Answer 22

Internal and external resources and vulnerabilities that modify how stress is experienced and its effects. (e.g. storm destroying home)

Question 23

Tangible Assistance

Answer 23

The provision of material support by one person to another, such as services, financial assistance, or goods.

Question 24

Time Management

Answer 24

Skills for learning how to use one’s time more effectively to accomplish one’s goals.

Question 25

The Coping Process

Answer 25

Stressful Event -> Appriaissal and intrepretation of stressor -> Primary Appraisal (existing harm or loss/future threat/degree of challege) -> Second appraisal (evaluation of coping resources and options) ->Coping responses and strategies for problem solving and emiotion regulation (e.g. information seeking, direct action, inhibibtion of action, intrapsychic responses, turnign to others) Affects: tangible reseuces such as money and time, social support, other stressors such as major life events and daily hassles, usual coping styles, other personality factors that influecne selection of coping responses and stratetgies -> Coping tasks (to reduce harrmful envifronmental conditions/tolerate or adfust to negative events or realities/maintainn a postiive self-image/maintain emotional equilibrium/continue satisfying relationships with others-> Coping Outcomes (psychologiecal functioning, resumtion of usual activies, physiological changes including illlness

Question 26

Personlity Factors to 5 Dieseases (H.S. Friedman and Booth-Kewley)

Answer 26

asthma, arthritites, ulcers, headaches, and conory artery disease, - depresesion, anger, hostility, and axiety consitutie for